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Transcribe page 113 of 117
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Download PDF for NMAH-AC0345-0000006-113 (project ID 11594)
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[[preprinted]] [[underlined]] Weights and Measures [[/underlined]] [[column 1]] APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT 20 grains.....1 scruple [[space]] 8 drams.....1 ounce 3 scruples.....1 dram [[space]] 12 ounces....1 pound Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 27-11/32 grains...1 dram [[space]] 25 pounds...1 quarter 16 drams.........1 ounce [[space]] 4 quarters..1 cwt. 16 ounces........1 pound [[space]] 2,000 lbs...1 short ton 2,240 pounds...................................1 long ton TROY WEIGHT 24 grains.........................1 dwt. 20 pwt......1 ounce [[space]] 12 ounces......1 pound Used for weighing gold, silver and jewels CLOTH MEASURE 2 1/4 inches.......1 nail [[space]] 4 nails......1 quarter 4 quarters.........................1 yard CUBIC MEASURE 1,728 cubic inches................1 cubic foot 27 cubic feet....................1 cubic yard 128 cubic feet...............1 cord (wood) 40 cubic feet...............1 ton (shipping) 2,150.42 cubic inches.......1 standard bushel 231 cubic inches........1 U. S. standard gallon 1 cubic foot..............about 4/5 of a bushel DRY MEASURE 2 pints.....1 quart [[space]] 4 pecks......1 bushel 8 quarts........1 peck [[space]] 36 bushels...1 chaldron LIQUID MEASURE 4 gills......... 1 pint [[space]] 4 quarts......1 gallon 2 pints........1 quart [[space]] 31 1/2 gallons...1 barrel 2 barrels...........................1 hogshead LONG MEASURE 12 inches..... 1 foot [[space]] 40 rods...... 1 furlong 3 feet......1 yard [[space]] 8 furlongs... 1 sta. mile 5 1/2 yards.......1 rod [[space]] 3 miles..... 1 league MARINERS' MEASURE 6 feet = 1 fathom....120 fathoms=1 cable length 7 1/2 cable lengths.....................1 mile 5,280 feet....................1 statute mile 6,085 feet...................1 nautical mile PAPER MEASURE 24 sheets, 1 quire; 20 quires, 1 ream (480 sheets) 2 reams......1 bundle [[space]] 5 bundles.......1 bale SQUARE MEASURE 114 sq. inches....1 sq. ft. [[space]] 40 sq. rods. 1 rood 9 sq. ft....... 1 sq. yard [[space]] 4 roods.... 1 acre 30 1/4 sq. yards.... 1 sq. rod [[space]] 640 acres.. 1 sq. mile SURVEYORS' MEASURE 7.92 inches.......................1 link 25 links...........................1 rod 4 rods............................1 chain 10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods...........1 acre 640 acres............................1 sq. mile 36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.)............1 township TIME MEASURE 60 seconds = 1 minute..........60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day..................7 days = 1 week 28, 29, 30 or 31 days..........1 calendar month 30 days = 1 month..............in computing interest 365 days = 1 year...........366 days = 1 leap year MISCELLANEOUS 3 inches = 1 palm..............4 inches = 1 hand 6 inches = 1 span...............18 inches = 1 cubit 21.8 inches....................1 Bible cubit 2 1/2 feet........................1 military pace [[/column 1]] [[column 2]] METRIC EQUIVALENTS---Linear Measure 1 centimeter................0.3937 inch 1 inch.....................2.54 centimeters 1 decimeter......3.937 inches......0.328 foot 1 foot.........................3.048 decimeters 1 meter.........39.37 inches.........1.0936 yards 1 yard..........................0.9144 meter 1 dekameter...........................1.9884 rods 1 rod............................0.5029 dekameter 1 kilometer.......................0.62137 mile 1 mile.............................1.6093 kilometers Square Measure 1 square centimeter............0.1550 square inch 1 square inch.............6.452 square centimeters 1 square decimeter...............0.1076 square foot 1 square foot................9.2903 square decimeters 1 square meter.....................1.196 square yards 1 square yard......................0.8361 square meter 1 are..............................3.954 square rods 1 square rod.........................0.2529 are 1 hectare...........................2.47 acres 1 acre............................0.4047 hectare 1 square kilometer..................0.386 square mile 1 square mile................2.59 square kilometers Measure of Volume 1 cubic centimeter..................0.061 cubic inch 1 cubic inch.................16.39 cubic centimeters 1 cubic decimeter.................0.0353 cubic foot 1 cubic foot...................28.317 cubic decimeter 1 cubic meter....................1.308 cubic yards 1 cubic yard..................0.7646 cubic meter 1 stere..............................0.2759 cord 1 cord..............................3.624 steres 1 liter=0.908 quart dry.....1.0567 quarts liquid 1 quart dry.........................1.101 liters 1 quart liquid......................0.9463 liter 1 dekaliter=2.6417 gallons...........135 pecks 1 gallon.........................0.3785 dekaliter 1 peck............................0.881 dekaliter 1 hectoliter.......................2.8375 bushels 1 bushel........................0.3524 hectoliter Weights 1 gram.........................0.03527 ounce 1 ounce..........................28.35 grams 1 kilogram.....................2.2046 pounds 1 pound.........................0.4536 kilogram 1 metric ton....................1.1023 English tons 1 English ton.....................0.9072 metric ton APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS 1 decimeter...........................4 inches 1 liter.........1.06 quarts liquid, 0.9 quart dry 1 meter..............................1.1 yards 1 kilometer......................5/8 of a mile 1 hectoliter.........................2 5/8 bushels 1 kilogram.......................2-1/5 pounds 1 stere, or cubic meter.............1/4 of a cord 1 metric ton.......................2,200 pounds TEMPERATURES Fahrenheit Milk.....................Freezes 30[[degree symbol]] above Zero Water....................Freezes 32[[degree symbol]] above Zero Olive Oil................Freezes 36[[degree symbol]] above Zero Wines....................Freeze 20[[degree symbol]] above Zero Vinegar..................Freezes 28[[degree symbol]] above Zero [[short line]] Alcohol.................Boils at 173[[degree symbol]] above Zero Blood Heat......................98.4[[degree symbol]] above Zero Eggs Hatch.......................104[[degree symbol]] above Zero Water...................Boils at 212[[degree symbol]] above Zero Petroleum.....(average) Boils at 306[[degree symbol]] above Zero [[/column 2]] [[end page]] [[start page]] USEFUL INFORMATION [[column 1]] To find diameter of a circle multiply circumference by .31831. To find circumference of a circle multiply diameter by 3.1416. To find area of a circle multiply square of diameter by .7854. To find surface of a ball multiply square of diameter by 3.1416. To find side of an equal square multiply diameter by .8862. To find cubic inches in a ball multiply cube of diameter by .5236. Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. Double riveting is from 16 to 20 per cent. stronger that single. One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds. One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds. One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes. A gallon of water (U. S. Standard) weighs 8 1/8 lbs. and contains 231 cubic inches. There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate surface. A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62 1/2 lbs. Each nominal horse power of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour. To sharpen dull files lay them in dilute sulphuric [[/column 1]] [[column 2]] acid until they are eaten deep enough. A horse power is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute, or 550 lbs. one foot per second. The average consumption of coal for steam boilers is 12 lbs. per hour for each square foot of grate surface. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has a pressure equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch). To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires the consumption of 7 1/2 lbs. of ordinary coal, or about 1 lb. of coal to a gallon of water. One sixth of tensile strength of plate multiplied by thickness of plate and divided by one-half the diameter of boiler gives safe working pressure for tubular boilers. For marine boilers add 20 per cent. for drilled holes. One-half the diameter of boiler gives safe working pressure for tubular boilers. For marine boilers add 20 per cent. for drilled holes. No plate or bars of either Steel or Iron should be worked at a black or blue heat (say about 500[[degree symbol]]); the material will stand far more strain either red hot or cold, while at an intermediate point great risks will be run, and possibly strains produced which result in rupture later on. [[/column 2]] USEFUL INFORMATION FOR CONTRACTORS. [[column 1]] One thousand shingles, laid four inch to the weather, will cover one hundred square feet of surface and five lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of square feet of surface to be covered because of the lap in siding and flooring. One thousand laths will cover seventy yards of surface and eleven pounds of lath nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, sixteen bushels of sand and one bushel of hair will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 square yards. One cord of stone, three bushels of lime and a cubic yard of sand will lay one hundred cubic feet of wall. Cement one bushel, and sand two bushels, will cover 3 1/2 square yards, one inch thick; 4 1/2 square yards 3/4 inch thick, and 6 3/4 square yards 1/2 inch thick. One bushel of cement and one bushel of sand will cover 2 1/4 square yards one inch thick; 3 square yards 3/4 inch thick, and 4 1/2 square yards 1/2 inch thick. Amount of Paint Required for a Given Surface. It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the amount varies with the kind and the thickness of the paint, the kind of wood or other material to which it is applied, the age of the surface, etc. The following is an approxi- [[/column 1]] [[column 2]] mate rule: Divide the number of square feet of surface by 200 The result will be the number of gallons of liquid paint required to give two coats or divide by 18 and the result will be the number of pounds of pure ground white lead required to give three coats. Roof Elevations By the "pitch" of a roof is meant the relation which the height of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates bears to the span, or the distance between the studs on which the roof rests. The length of rafters for the most common pitches can be found as follows from any given span: If 1/4 pitch, multiply span by .559 or 7-12 nearly. If 1/8[[dittos for: pitch, multiply span by]].5[[ditto for: or]]3-5[[ditto for: nearly.]] If 3/8[[dittos for: pitch, multiply span by]].625 [[ditto for: or]]5-8[[ditto for: nearly.]] If 1/2[[dittos for: pitch, multiply span by]].71[[ditto for: or]]7-10[[ditto for: nearly.]] If 5/8[[dittos for: pitch, multiply span by]]8[[ditto for: or]]4-5[[ditto for: nearly.]] If full[[dittos for: pitch, multiply span by]]1-12[[ditto for: or]]1.18[[ditto for: nearly.]] To length thus obtained must be added amount of projections of rafters at the eaves. As the rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches more or less on their length will make a difference to the pitch so slight that it cannot be detected by the eye. Example---To determine the length of rafters for a roof constructed, one-half pitch, with a span of 24 ft.---24x.71=17.04; or, practically, just 17 feet. A projection of one foot for eaves makes the length to be purchased 18 feet. [[/column 2]] PAINTER, GLAZIER and PAPER-HANGER. [[column 1]] One pound of paint will cover about four super-ficial yards the first coat, and about six yards each additional coat. About one pound of putty for stopping, will be [[/column 1]] [[column 2]] required for every twenty yards. One gallon of tar and one pound of pitch will cover about twelve yards superficial the first coat. and about seventeen yards each additional coat. [[/column 2]] Calculating Speed of Pulleys [[column 1]] I.---The diameter of the driver and driven being given, to find the number of revolutions of the driven. Rule---Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of the driven; the quotient will be the number of revolutions. II.---The diameter and the revolutions of the driver being given to find the diameter of the driven, that shall make any given number of revo- [[/column 1]] [[column 2]] lutions in the same time. Rule---Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide the product by the number of revolutions of the driven; the quo-tient will be its diameter. III.---To ascertain the size of the driver. Rule---Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of revolutions you wish to make, and divide the product by the revolutions of the driver; the quotient will be the size of the driver. [[/column 2]] [[end page]]
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