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semblance of democracy in the Armed Services. Operation under this directive, however, has not brought about equality. The figures summarized above are support of such a position. Moreover, if the civilian and all other experience we have are guides, it is fair to say that as long as there is the policy of separation there will not be equality. I think that it would be conceded that the cheapest, the fairest, the most democratic way to operate a military establishment is on an integrated troop basis. The main consideration against it, [[underlined]] advanced by well-informed and sincere people [[/underlined]], is that complete integration will weaken the present military establishment. I think I can be of most help to the Committee if I discuss the arguments to this effect and give what I think are the answers to them:

1. The experience of the last two wars indicates that differing average qualifications of the troops of the Negro race as against other races taken in the armed services without regard to race makes one group more qualified than the other for performing certain types of military service. The Gillem Report pointed out that service requiring close contact with the enemy was not performed as well by Negro troops. The qualification of one group over another can be validly attributed to race only insofar as the minimum education required before certain military skills can be taught is denied to Negroes mainly because of race.