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fruitful. Search rather for new means which enable both sets of values to be pursued without clash. Our concern in cooperative thinking is not simply to choose between two ways we know, but if possible to find a way of integrating the values of both, thereby creating an improved solution. However, avoid smoothing over differences.  Differences should be probed with questions to make them clear and concise.

[[underlined]]Do not pass any important matter that is not clear to you.[[/underlined]]  Sometimes individuals hear unfamiliar terms and assume that everyone else must understand; hence they fear it would be humiliating to ask for explanations or illustrations. This is untrue. Have you not often been glad when someone else asked for clarification on a point on which you had been none too clear?  Others may profit too, but you are in the group to learn, and you must not hesitate to ask. 

[[underlined]]Use special care to be fair to positions represented by a minority or not represented at all in the group.[[/underlined]]  If you are aware of a position not being adequately represented, present it as its adherents would like to hear it stated, then explain your disagreement.

[[underlined]]Be on the lookout for different uses of the same word.[[/underlined]] Call of illustrations whenever this difference becomes confusing. Do not wrangle over a verbal definition.  Ask for a "such as."

[[underlined]]Make discriminate use of short periods of silence.[[/underlined]]  Where there is some confusion over a diversity of opinions expressed, a minute of silence can do much to help members rise to a clearer perspective of what has been said.  In suggestion this pause, the chairman should restate the precise issue under discussion.  After the pause the members may be more able to cooperate in detecting the root of the disagreements.  This may be in the partial nature of the experience and evidence used, or in a difference in the values. Try to keep in mind ends everyone wants. 

[[underlined]]When discussion wanders, restate the question and get a new start.[[/underlined]]  Sometimes, if the side-line is especially important, put it up to the group, "Shall we follow this interesting issue that has come up, or shall we return to the plan of discussion originally adopted"?

[[underlined]]Utilize available time to best advantage.[[/underlined]]  For every discussion there is available a limited amount of time.  Each individual should help make it possible to utilize the time most effectively.  To attempt too much in a short time offers a habit of slipshod and superficial thinking.

[[underlined]]Do not monopolize the discussion.[[/underlined]]  If you find yourself taking more than other members of the group train yourself to pass over minor points, and to speak only on a few carefully chosen issues. Make short statements not speeches.

[[underlined]]Stress basic problems and questions.[[/underlined]] Ask yourself which ideas, experiences, and differences are basic, fundamental, and most worth discussing.

[[underlined]]Summarize[[/underlined]] (1)whenever a major point is finished before going on the next point; (2) whenever the discussion has been fairly long, drawn out, or confused; (3) shortly before the close of the period.  Try to use the words of members of the group, rather than your translation.