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by 50% at least than the necessary maximum under the most unfavorable circumstances. 
Manifolds for gas, oil and water should be immediately recognizable by their color. Special connections should facilitate this division from the motor to reduce to the minimum the number of flexible connections in sections.
Flexible connections should last for two years at least in good condition. 
Apparatus for the emptying of the tubing should be closed up, not by stoppers, but by special cocks.
SILENCER - The silencers must be easily removable. They should be as effective as possible, particularly for bombardment planes. The pilot and bomber should be able to hear each other. They should conceal the glow and be invisible at night. They should be able to resist vibration and expansion proceeding from heating. Their cleaning should be simply. The total absorbed power consumed by their weight, loss through checking of the gas, and and the head resistance ought to be lower than 5% of the total power of the motor in fast airplanes, 8% in bombardment planes. 
The exhaust gases should be discharged at a distance from the aviators, in order not to interfere with firing or observation, and must consider the direction of the suction of air by the propel-
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