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SSOCIATION

[[image - drawing of logo]]
[[caption]]Lighting The Road To Freedom . . .[[/caption]]

LONGWORTH M. QUINN
Michigan Chronicle

GARTH C. REEVES, SR.
Miami Times

JOHN H. SENGSTACKE
Sengstacke Newspapers

JOHN B. SMITH
Atlanta Inquirer

MARCUS C. STEWART
Indianapolis Recorder

N. A. SWEETS
St. Louis American

ROBERT J. THOMAS
Milwaukee Star-Times

Executive Director
SHERMAN BRISCOE

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[[caption]] "Bunny" Mitchell [[/caption]]

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[[caption]] Gen. Daniel (Chappie) James, Jr. [[/caption]]

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[[caption]] N.A. Sweets, Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett, Mayor of St. Louis [[/caption]]

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[[caption]] [[text cut off]]r, The Michigan Chroncile, and the Memphis Tri-[[text cut off]]er.

[[text cut off]]urphy's Baltimore Afro-American was expanded into [[text cut off]]is sons Carl and Arnett and other members of the [[text cut off]] chain includes Afro-American in Newark, Richmond, [[text cut off]]ton which absorbed the Washington Tribune.[[/caption]]

Still Going

The leading black papers of this dark period were: The Washington Bee, established in 1879 by Attorney William Calvin Chase; the Cleveland Gazette, launched in 1883 by Harry C. Smith; the Philadelphia Tribune, founded by Chris J. Perry, a successful realtor, in 1884. This 88-year-old paper, now under the leadership of the able Eustace Gay, is one of five that still survive from the 19th century.

Other outstanding papers of the era were: Timothy Thomas Fortune's New York Age, John Mitchell's Richmond Planet, Sol Johnson's Savannah Tribune, Phillip Bell and W. J. Powell's San Francisco Elevator, Nick Chiles' Topeka Plaindealer, John Murphy's Afro-American which, along with the Indianapolis Recorder, the New Iowa Bystander, and the Houston Informer and Texas Freeman, are the other four that are still going.

Harvard-educated William Monroe Trotter practically opened the 20th century with his Boston Guardian. Much like Rev. T. J. Smith's Pittsburgh Broad-Axe, it let the chips fall where they may.

The Guardian was soon followed by Robert Sengstacke Abbott's Chicago Defender in 1905, P. B. Young's Norfolk Journal and Guide, James Anderson's Amsterdam News, Robert L. Vann's Pittsburgh Courier, Roscoe Dungee's Oklahoma Black Dispatch, and Joseph and William Mitchell's St. Louis Argus.

With the departure of George White of North Carolina from the Congress in 1901, the long night of disenfranchisement, nurtured by the Ku Klux Klan and grandfather clauses in state constitutions, set in for 27 years.
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