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treaty in which the Soviet Union once more confirmed her absolutely just attitude toward weaker peoples. But imperialist Japan had behaved toward China like all other imperialist bandits. Where the Soviet Union sought to aid the Chinese people to overcome their feudal backwardness Japan used its superior military development to force shameful conditions upon China. To continue the contrast further: the Soviet Union eliminated special privileges for Russian citizens in China. Japan insisted upon holding China to the degrading system of extraterritoriality, under which Chinese courts may not exercise jurisdiction over foreigners charged with criminal offenses, but must turn them over to the Consular Courts maintained by Japan and other imperialist powers on the territory of China, for trial of their own nationals. The Soviet Union renounced all predatory slave-treaties imposed upon China by the tsarist government. It voluntarily renounced all conquests made by the former regime in China. It treated China as an equal. Japan, on the other hand, upheld and defended together with other imperialist powers the unequal treaties, the special rights and privileges, and all the apparatus of foreign domination of China. The Soviet Union repudiated the Boxer Protocol, which China was forced to sign after the bloody suppression of the anti-foreign, anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion of 1900, by the armed forces of tsarist Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, and Japan. Japan's rulers, on the contrary, insisted upon their pound of flesh, demanding regular indemnity payments from China under the Boxer Protocol. The friendly attitude of the Soviet Union toward China naturally was reflected in the sympathies of the Chinese people toward their powerful socialist neighbor. The gratitude of the 22 people was expressed by Doctor Sun Yat-sen, the great Chinese revolutionist, as follows: "...I firmly believe that the assistance which you have rendered my country up to now will remain constant. In bidding you farewell, dear comrades, I express the hope that the day is near when the U.S.S.R. will welcome a mighty and free China as a friend and ally, and that in the great struggles for the liberation of the oppressed peoples of the world, both allies will march side by side to victory." (From letter by Doctor Sun Yat-sen to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet government.) Particularly significant in this connection is the contrast between the fate of the Manchurians, Koreans, and Formosans, on the one hand, crushed under the heel of their Japanese conquerors; and, no the other, the freedom and democracy obtaining in the Outer Mongolian People's Republic - a country which has the friendship and the help of the great peoples of the Soviet Union. In a Report on the Mongolian People's Republic, published on November 20, 1935, by the American Foreign Policy Association, which numbers among its members many experts on questions of international policy, we read: "In Outer Mongolia the masses of the people are building up a new social order, and thereby abolishing the former rights of the princes and lamas....In contrast to Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, the changes in Outer Mongolia are founded on intentions actually corresponding with Mongolian interests, and even the process of change is in the hands of the Mongols...It is only in Outer Mongolia that the lower and higher administrative posts are held by Mongols, the schools indubitably Mongolian, and the troops completely Mongolian." Japanese-controlled Manchuria, where the "civil service" of Manchukuo consists of 6,000 persons, 4,000 of whom are Japanese, presents an entirely different picture. Further, states the report, "the government controls the key positions of economy, such as the banks and the foreign trade monopoly." Contrast this democratic control of the Mongolian 23
