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126  THE CRISIS

ively. Some of its leaders have the reputation of being selfish and non-patriotic. It is strange to say that any city where the Negroes have demonstrated in the world their success in finance, organizations of large proportions, culture, proficiency, and efficiency of Negro effort, there should be this evident incision and divisibility among the leading elements. The question is still, Can colored Richmond ever solidly unite?

The State Penitentiary is located in Richmond. Its inmates during 1914 totaled 2182; of these 1672 were colored and 510 were white.

Of the four probation officers in Richmond not one is colored. Yet, in 1914, of the 997 juveniles handled, 539 were colored.

The earnings of the white people are larger than those of the Negroes, especially those who have reached the upper ages. Among the Negro boys and girls, earnings show little increase with advancing age, and this is especially true of the girls. Three-fifths of the older boys are engaged in work entirely unrelated to their chosen occupations. Two-thirds of the older girls are engaged in work entirely unrelated to their chosen occupations. The following statistics will show the activities of colored Richmond:
Agents, insurance, 54.
Artists, 4.
Automobile, repairers, 4.
Bakers, 18.
Butlers, 178.
Bookkeepers, 18.
Bellmen, 53.
Butchers, 47.
Bricklayers, 28.
Bicycle dealer and repairer, 1.
Barbers, 85.
Blacksmiths and wheelwrights, 10.
Bootblacks, 5.
Caterers, 2.
Colleges, 3.
Cooks, 782.
Coopers, 28.
Contractors and builders, 16.
Carpenters, 101.
Clerks, 126.
Chauffeurs, 128.
Coachmen, 101.
Dressmakers, 48.
Drivers, 720.
Domestic service, 1905.
Dentists, 4.
Dry goods and notion businesses, 3.
Druggists, 6.
Dyers and cleaners, 86.
Fish, game and oyster dealers, 16.
Funeral directors and embalmers, 16.
Engineers, 5.
Elevator operators, 43.
Foremen, 74.
Hairdressers, 23.
Horseshoers, 6.
Hucksters, 9.
Ice cream manufacturer, 1.
Insurance companies, 7.
Janitors, 168.
Janitresses, 12.
Junk dealers, 2.
Laborers, 4339.
Linesmen, 8.
Livery, boarding and sales stables, 2.
Laundresses, 734.
Lathers, 19.
Manicurists, 3.
Mail carriers, 72.
Machinists, 6.
Maids, 310.
Midwives, 5.
Music teachers, vocal and instrumental, 12.
Nurses, 99.
Newspapers and periodicals, 5.
Notaries, 13.
Orderlies, 32.
Perhangers, 8.
Painters, 25.
Pavers, 5.
Peddlers, 6.
Photographers, 2.
Physicians, 30.
Porters, 841.
Plasterers, 126.
Plumbers, gas and steam fitters, 3.
Postoffice clerks, 7.
Poultry dealers, 3.
Publisher, 1.
Printers, 3.
Real estate agents and dealers, 6.
Seamstresses, 25.
Shoemakers and repairers, 60.
Sextons, 14.
Stenographers, 8.
Teamsters and expressmen, 23.
Tailors, 6.
Upholsterers, 5.
Waiters, 282.
Watchmen, 20.
Waitresses, 23.
A most striking feature of Richmond is the large number of apparently prosperous beneficial societies. Among these may be mentioned the St.Luke Order, the True Reformers, The Richmond Beneficial, the American Beneficial, the Southern Aid, Inc., and several others of like prominence which present interesting examples of Negro thrift and business ability. The Southern Aid Society alone owns $200,00 worth of real estate and government bonds, and about $50,000 worth of first mortgages on improved city real state. The St. Luke Order operates in twenty-four states with a financial membership of 41,200 and assets of $114,000. In August, 1917, this organization will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary.
Richmond is noted for its large and prosperous Negro churches. Ten of these churches have memberships of over two thousand each. Of the fifty odd churches, all except seven are Baptists.
Richmond's voice of public sentiment is edited through four weeklies: The St. Luke Herald the Richmond Planet, the Reformer, and the Progressive Citizen.
There is no city, probably, in the whole country that does as much Negro business as Richmond. There are two prosperous Be-Busy banks: The St. Luke's Penny Savings Bank, and the Mechanics' Saving Bank. Each does a business of over two hundred


MEN OF RICHMOND  127
thousand dollars per year, and the last two named are members of the American Bankers' Association. 
The leading educational institution in Richmond is Virginia Union University, which is also one of the leading colleges of the country. It is under the control of the Baptists. It employs twenty teachers and has enrolled sixty-one college students and 264 students in other departments. Its annual income is about $24,000
The Armstrong High School was founded in 1867 by a chaplain of the United States Army. For many years it was supported by The Freedmen's Bureau. It now occupies a building formerly used as a white school and has an enrollment of over five hundred students. Land for a new building has been purchased by the city, but no building has as yet been erected. Until 1915, the school had white teachers, but in that year colored instructors were installed.
The Catholics have a school for colored children known as the Van de Vyver College. It accommodates five hundred students and is in charge of the Sisters of the Order of St. Francis. It has classes in music, needle-work, Latin, and French, and a night school for the training of automobile chauffeurs. The head of the college is Father Charles Hannigan, a well-known friend and defender of colored people.

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MRS. ORA B. SAUNDERS (Center) AND SOME OF HER CO-WORKERS IN THE NATIONAL PROTECTIVE LEAGUE FOR NEGRO GIRLS

Men of Richmond
THE REVEREND W. H. STOKES, Ph.D., studied at Wayland Seminary. He received his B.D., in 1899, from Richmond Theological Seminary; A.B., Virginia Union University, 1903; A.M., 1904, and Ph.D., in 1906. He has been the pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church since 1902. His work has been so effective that Governor Swanson commissioned him a delegate to the American Prison Association's session in 1908; Governor Mann made him a delegate to the Southern Sociological Congress in 1914; and Governor Stuart, in 1915, commissioned him a delegate to the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. Last year Dr. Stokes was successful  in having closed over twenty saloons in the colored residential section of Jackson Ward for which the citi-