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4 estate + village, not between households in the same village nor are women able to control children's earnings or mobilize children's labor for the household economy middle-level trading, which is [[strikethrough]] vm [[/strike-through]] the major pursuit of better-off village women on Java, is handled on Sumatra by other ethnic groups wives of permanent estate workers who get large bonuses (such as palm oil harvesters) take pride in not working; resemble in this wives of school teachers and low-level govn. officials Jav. girls in N. Sum. tend to leave school much earlier than boys, either to work on estates or become servants [[left margin]] p40 [[ left margin]] marry much earlier than other ethnic groups in N. Sum. or their age-mates in Java as waitresses in warungs + as servants girls forced to submit to sexual advances or lose jobs; girls w/ [[with]] such jobs often bring home inexplicable amts [[amounts]] of gold, jewelry, clothing + cash + assumption of promiscuity made by other villagers main pt. [[point]] that few acceptable income earning options available for women except casual estate labor some women scavenge for discarded palm husks or a weed-controlling plant grown under + around the palms- sell to agents who may resell to estates- these scavenging activities actually forbidden by estates but tacitly allowed [[ left margin]] p 41 [[ left margin]] Jav. [[Java]] labor known in N. Sumatra as cheapest - often ethnic groups would not accept the same earning levels; Jav. [[Java]] labor force expanding at a rate that peripheral villages can't absorb & Jav. [[Java]] leaving temporarily or permanently for other areas become gardeners for Karo Baliks, servants for urban Chinese, night- watchmen and agr. laborers for Toba Bataks, or road crew members for Ch. [[Chinese]] contractors [[Left margin]] p 42 [[left margin]] Conclusion: various rationales affecting women used to justify company employment strategies + union political strategies: 1. when companies felt it was too costly to recruit non-working wives, women performed both domestic work & wage labor