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2. when unions tried to raise male earning levels by demanding a "family wage", women urged to quit.
3. when companies decided it was cheaper to employ women on a casual basis(and the political situation allowed this) it was argued that women preferred the flexibility to this type of work. Workers themselves sometimes use these rationales to justify a system over  which they have control. no class-conscious or organized struggles at present time, tho women will sometimes work "slo" (slow) for labor contractions to express dissatisfaction.
male protest is embodied in the [[?]] of estate produce.
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at present women and children have more access to este work than men, but as poorly-paid casual workers. some men attain permanent estate at relatively high pay, but only a small proportion of the [[strikethrough]] av [[/strikethrough]] available male pop- rest forced to migrate far from home to get jobs
[[merantau?]] jobs may be highly remunerative but tend to be sporadic
high earnings on [[?]] projects (two to three times that of estate work) offset by over-priced food costs 
[[left margin]] p 44 [[/left margin]]
[[left margin]] p 45 [[/left margin]]
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