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TIME ZONES AND THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

Since the earth has a 360-degree circumference and rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, there is a time change of 1 hour for every change of 15 degrees in longitude (360÷24). Thus, if at a given place on the earth the time is 3 p.m., at a place exactly 15 degrees west the time is 2 p.m., and a place 30 degrees west the time is 1.pm. In other words, as one moves from east to west, one sets the clock back one hour for every 15 degrees traveled. At different latitudes the circumference of the earth as expressed in miles differs. Hence, although at the Equator 15 degrees corresponds to about 1,040 miles, at New York City it corresponds to about 784 miles.

This is the principle upon which standard time and the time zones are based. Thus, when standard time in Greenwich, England, is 1 a.m., the standard time in Guam is 10:30 a.m., in the Philippines 9 a.m., in Alaska 3 p.m. (of the preceding day), and in Samoa 2 p.m. (of the preceding day).

The International Date Line is an imaginary line approximately following the 180-degree meridians from Greenwich and is designated as the point at which each new day of the calendar begins. Thus, when it is 1 a.m., Tuesday at the Date Line, it is 1 p.m Monday at Greenwich and 9 p.m. Monday in the Philippines. A ship crossing the Date Line eastward sets the date back one day (as from Thursday to Wednesday) and a ship crossing the line westward sets the date forward one day (as from Wednesday to Thursday). In other words, each day starts at midnight at the Date Line and travels westward with the sun.

TIME ZONES IN THE UNITED STATES

The time zones in the United States are known as follows: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. They correspond to the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west of Greenwich, respectively, and are 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours slower than Greenwich time.

DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME (1 hour ahead of Standard Time) has been used since World War I in some states of the U.S., between March of April and September or October. It is effected by setting all clocks ahead 1 hour: thus 9 o'clock Standard Time becomes 10 o'clock Daylight Saving Time.

ACTUAL TIME IN VARIOUS CITIES OF THE WORLD WHEN IT IS 12:00 NOON, WASHINGTON, D.C.

[[4 Column Table]]
| --- | --- | --- | ---|
| Berlin | 6:00 p.m. | Honolulu | 6:30 a.m. |
| Bombay | 10:30 p.m. | Lisbon | 5:00 p.m. |
| Boston | 12:00 noon | London | 5:00 p.m. |
| Cairo | 7:00 p.m. | Manila | 1:00 a.m. next day |
| Buffalo | 12:00 noon | Melbourne | 3:00 a.m. next day |
| Calcutta | 10:53 p.m. | New York | 12:00 noon |
| Canton, China | 1:00 a.m. next day | Panama | 12:00 noon |
| Chicago | 11:00 a.m. | Paris | 5:00 p.m. |
| Cleveland | 12:00 noon | Rome | 6:00 p.m. |
| Denver | 10:00 a.m. | San Francisco | 9:00 a.m. |
| Detroit | 12:00 noon | St. Louis | 11:00 a.m. |
| Halifax | 1:00 p.m. | Vienna | 6:00 p.m. |
| Havana | 12:00 noon | Yokohama | 2:00 a.m. next day |

DEGREES AND TITLES

[[4 Column Table]]
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adj. | Adjutant | H.R.H. | His (Her) Royal Highness |
| Adm. | Admiral | J.P. | Justice of the Peace |
| A.Q.M.G. | Assistant-Quartermaster-General | K.C. | King's Counsel |
| Ar. M. | Master of Architecture | K.C.B. | Knight Commander of the Bath |
| A.R.A. | Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts | K.C.M.G | Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George |
|B.A. | Bachelor of Arts | B.Ag. | Bachelor of Agriculture | K.C.V.O | Knight Commander of the Victorian Order | B. Arch. | Bachelor of Architecture | Bart., or Bt. | Baronet (Title, Sir) | K.G. Knight of the Garter | B.D. | Bachelor of Divinity | L.H.D. | Doctor of Humanities | B.D.S | Bachelor of Dental Surgery | Litt. D. | Doctor of Literature or of Letters | B.E. | Bachelor of Engineering | B.LL. | Bachelor of Laws | LL.B. | Bachelor of Laws | B. Mus. | Bachelor of Music | LL.D. | Doctor of Laws | B.S. | Bachelor of Science | LL.M. | Master of Laws | Capt. | Captain | Lt., or Lieut | Lieutenant | Card. | Cardinal | Lt.-Col. | Lieutenant Colonel | C.B. | Companion of the Bath | Lt.-Gen. | Lieutenant General | C.E. | Civil Engineer | M.A. | Master of Arts | C.I.E. | Companion of the Order of Indian Empire | Maj. | Major | M.C. | Member of Congress | C.J. | Chief Justice | M.D. | Doctor of Medicine | C.M.G. | Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George | M.Ed. | Master of Education | C.O. | Commanding Officer | M.P. | Member of Parliament | Col. | Colonel | M.S. | Master of Science | C.P.A. | Certified Public Accountant | M.V.O. Member of the Victorian Order | C.V.O. | Companion of the Victorian Order | N.A. | National Academician | D.D. | Doctor of Divinity | O.M. | Order of Merit | D.D.S. | Doctor of Dental Surgery | P.C. | Privy Councilor | D.O. | Doctor of Osteopathy | Ph.D. | Doctor of Philosophy | D.S. | Doctor of Science | Pres. | President | D.S.O. | Distinguished Service Order | Prof. | Professor | D.Th. | Doctor of Theology | Q.M.G. | Quartermaster General | F.R.G.S. | Fellow of Royal Geographical Society | R.A. | Royal Academician | R.N. | Registered Nurse ; Royal | F.R.S. | Fellow of Royal Society | H.E. | His Excellency | Rt.R. | Right Reverend | H.I.M. | His (Her) Imperial Majesty | V.C. | Vice-Chancellor | H.M. | His (Her) Majesty | V.P. | Vice President |