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transport characteristics of the helicopter cannot be attained until a satisfactory navigational system is developed and available. Navigational aids heretofore developed for fixed-wing aircraft simply are not satisfactory for helicopter operations. The helicopter is utilized most effectively in short haul operations at operating altitudes below 2000 feet above the terrain. It is not only desirable, therefore, but absolutely mandatory in the interest of safety and efficient operations to provide navigational facilities at low altitudes with a high degree of accuracy and reliability. The relatively short trip stage lengths impose a large number of approaches, landings, take-offs, and departures, consequently continuous and easy to interpret position fixing must be available without interruption. New York Airways' average trip stage length is approximately 14 miles. 

With a limited scope, New York Airways has flight tested all of the presently available Federal Airways Aids. At the present time we are not utilizing an electronic Nav-Aid device or system completely satisfies our requirements. Of a very large number of possible electronic systems and devices known commercially, four groups deserve consideration at this time. 

[[underline]] GROUP I [[/underline]] - VHF Omni-Directional Range, Distance Measuring Equipment, LF/MF Four-Course Radio Range and LM/MF Non-Directional Beacons.

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