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      NEW YORK AIRWYAS 

8.13  FLIGHT ALTITUDES - GENERAL - Continued 
depends upon various operating factors, including cloud formations, turbulence, icing conditions, static, winds, and altitude separation necessary for traffic control, and that consideration of these factors will often dictate selection of a flight altitude higher than the MINIMUM level specified. 
Air Traffic Control Agencies, charged with the regulation of air traffic along Civil Airways, assign altitudes and issue instructions related thereto only from the standpoint of the traffic separation; whereas the New York Airways' MINIMUM flight levels set forth hereunder have been established for the safe and adequate clearance of terrain and obstructions along the various route segments, and in all cases meet or exceed the requirements set forth in the Civil Air Regulations. 
New York Airways' helicopter flight patterns have been established as preferential flight paths in order to avoid congested areas, ground and inflight obstructions. Fixed wing aircraft flight patterns, defined danger areas, and also to provide a maximum number of emergency landing sites. 

8.14 VISUAL FLIGHT RULES (VFR) 
VFR flights are those flights conducted under such conditions that the altitude and flight path of the aircraft can be at all times controlled by visual reference to the ground and objects thereon, or, by visual reference to nearby reference marks visible above the haze level along the flight path, PROVIDED that the top of the haze level is not higher than the established limits where such limits are specified. 
 A) For Visual Flight Rules over established routes refer to PROCEDURES FOR FLYING PRESCRIBED ROUTES, SECTION 8.22. 
 B) All non-scheduled flights will be accordance with CAR part 60. 

8.16 CHANGE OF ALTITUDE ENROUTE 
Altitude changes in flight are the Pilot's responsibility. The Flight Dispatcher shares a joint responsibility with the Pilot in the adherence to prescribe minimum flight altitudes and, in order to follow properly the progress of the flight, will be notified of all changed in flight altitude of procedure. When an intended change involved amendment of the Flight Clearance, it is the responsibility of the Flight Dispatcher to approve or disapprove the amendment, determining that the applicable minimum flight level is observed. 
Under certain operations conditions, changed in flight levels require the prior notification and approval of the controlling ATC office, except that in an emergency the Pilot may make whatever changed he considers necessary for the safety of the flight. 
Before taking any such emergency action, the Pilot will consider holding "in the clear" at the approved altitude, making a ninety degree deviation from the airway, or reversing course, the choice depending on the traffic, weather and terrain conditions existing at the particular time and place. Whenever such emergency action is taken, the Pilot will at 


120 Revised Issue J.E.G   L.G.C Date:1 April 1959