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shoes, and a shoulder-bag similar to that of E2 but with a green cloth cover, completed the outfit.

F1: Germany: Luftnachrichtenhelferin, spring 1941
The cap, skirt, dark grey stockings and shows would be the same as those worn by F3. Since November 1940 the Luftwaffe breast eagle was worn; and note the necktie pin in the same shape. The ranking of Betriebsgruppenunterführerin is worn on the cuff, in the pre-July 1941 style; and as yet there is no silver collar piping, although from this rank upwards the silver 'pip' is worn on

[[image - photograph]]
[[caption]] A Red Army woman officer in uniform of 1943-45: the rubaha acquired a stand collar without patches but with two small buttons; rank and arm-of-service was indicated on traditional shoulder-boards; the front buttons became visible; and breast pockets were worn only by officers. The field shoulder-boards were in khaki cloth, edged and lined with the arm-of-service colour—here, apparently, the red of the infantry, who normally did not wear an identifying badge on the shoulder-board in the manner of other branches. The rank is Senior Lieutenant, indicated by one central red line and three silver stars. Decorations are, on her right breast, the Orders of the Red Star and the Patriotic War, above the Guards unit badge; and on her left breast the Gold Star of a Hero of the Soviet Union, above the Order of Lenin and what appear to be two separate awards of the Order of the Red Banner, above the medal for the Defence of the Caucasus.
(Imperial War Museum) [/[caption]]

the rounded upper points. The 'trade' patch is that of a qualified radio NCO—geprüfter Funkunteroffizier.

F2: Germany: Flakwaffenhelferin, 1944
The peaked field cap bears the Luftwaffe eagle but no cockade; the eagle is repeated on the breast, and the insignia of this organization is worn on the right upper arm. The two thin silver braid chevrons of an Oberhelferin balance it on the left sleeve. Note the jacket, rather similar to the male Fliegerbluse, with a piece of black ribbon in the collar buttonhole signifying a relative recently killed. The slacks are tucked into heavy socks, and thick-soled laced black shoes are worn; this organization operated in the open air, on rather more strenuous duties than the Nachrichtenhelferinnen.

F3: Germany Luftnachrichtenhelferin, 1942
The three chevrons of a Haupthelferin are worn on the left arm only, below the 'blitz' patch of signal personnel working with the flying branch. Note golden-brown piping on the turn-up of the Fliegermütze. The jacket is fastened with three blue-black plastic pierced buttons, but the side pocket flaps have concealed buttons.

G1: Germany: SS-Helferin Reichsschule staff
Photographs show a rather unusual sidecap with no turn-up and a high ridged crown, bearing the SS eagle and swastika; the cap seems to be a darker shade of field grey than the jacket and skirt. The former resembles the Luftwaffe women's jacket in cut, but with pointed upper collar piped silver, and a left breast pocket. No information on rank insignia has been published, and the several surviving photographs show no differences between the girls illustrated in the particulars of collar piping, etc. The SS female auxiliaries, who carried out the same administrative and communications duties as their counterparts in other services, were trained at the Reichsschule at Oberenheim in Alsace, and instructional staff wore the cuff title in black and silver. The black and silver oval SS-runes patch with a silver edging seems to have been worn by all personnel; 'trade' patches were worn in silver/grey on black diamonds, on the forearm, as the SS eagle was always worn on the upper left sleeve. This Helferin wears