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48     U. S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

In the banking maneuvers, the instructor should bank the ship almost to the limits of the medium bank (not steeper) sharply and with considerable control movement.  When the desired attitude is attained, he should take both the hands and feet off the controls.  The student should be allowed to follow through and duplicate these actions.  He should then be directed to note that the airplane does not change its attitude immediately when the hands and feet are removed from the controls.

After a short time, during which the actions of the airplane in tending to right itself are noted, the instructor should rapidly and very forcibly bring the airplane back to level, again removing hands and feet when level attitude is attained.

The maneuver can be repeated until the student grasps the idea of the tendencies of the aircraft, but there should always be a pause after an attitude has been attained to allow the student to fully grasp the reaction and tendencies of the ship. It should be emphasized that roughness in the use of the controls has no effect on the attitude of the aircraft once the controls are freed of any pressures. The student should do this maneuver until he has grasped this idea. Only a few experiments should be sufficient.

The maneuver should then be repeated, but this time the instructor, instead of removing his hands and feet, should merely relax all pressures and at the same time look around, paying no attention to the attitude of the ship. This last is to show the student that continuous concentration on the nose is unnecessary. the student should then be required to do likewise, with the instructor insisting that he relax all pressures and being certain that he does not watch the nose.

After a few of these, the instructor should execute a few turns as smoothly as possible, using pressures on the controls rather than movements of them. He should change the direction at least 90° during each of these turns. The student's attention should be called to the action of the ship in response to mere pressures on the controls as compares to the results of the movements of them as used in the previous demonstrations. the instructor should then have the student practice a few of these to gain a clear conception of the principles being demonstrated. During these, any errors in control use by the student should be corrected if it is obvious that he cannot or will not do so of his own volition. Most students will soon realize how much to hold back on the elevators in entering and making a turn, but few will quickly grasp the fact that forward pressure must be exerted to correct for this when recovery from a turn or bank is being made.

It should be impressed on the student that he should note in the first exercise that, when the controls are suddenly released from a sharp pressure, the airplane assumes its attitude very abruptly. In the second, when the pressures are relaxed, the banking movement stops more slowly, and in the third, with smooth use of the controls, the banking movement stops smoothly and the aircraft seems to more or less ease into the desired attitude, although there is practically no difference in the elapsed time of gaining the desired bank.

These points are very important, as they illustrate types of piloting. The first is typical of the rough pilot, the second is typical of the mediocre pilot, and the last is typical of the smooth and skilled pilot.