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           FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL             61 
controls. However, care must be taken not to use too much, or too violent a turn will be started and the aircraft may nose up as a result. 
  In stopping the turn, the controls must be reversed in time to stop the turn at the desired point, which must be anticipated in the reversal of the controls. Further easing of the throttle, and opening it again as the desired direction is reached, will assist in stopping the turn exactly. 
  to turn from a standstill: Start the ship forward as before and as soon as the ship is barely moving apply the proper controls to start the turn and open the throttle smoothly but quickly for an instant to get a blast on the tail surfaces to accelerate the turning. As soon as the turn is started ease off on all controls and anticipate the approach of the desired direction with opposite control as mentioned before. 
  Some pilots lift the tail free from the ground with the elevators and propeller blast, swing it to the desired direction and then drop it. If smoothly done through, there is no hard in this practice. However, it requires expert handling and should not be attempted by a student. 
  Students must be warned against very sharp turns and attempts to turn at too great a speed, as both tend to exert excessive strains on the landing gear, which may be transmitted to other structures as well. They may result in a failure of the landing gear, warping od the fuselage, pulled wires, bents struts, and if violent enough, ship with nose up. Tires will be blown out or rim cut, if nothing else results from this practice. 

                      WITH BRAKES 

  As stated before, all of the principles of taxiing without brakes apply to taxiing with them, except that morel attitude may be used while taxiing in proximity to obstructions or other aircraft due to the increase control that they provide. They are of added assistance in turning and stopping the ship. The student must particularly cautious of their use until experience is gained and avoid any sudden or violent application of them. 
  Much of the maneuverability of the ship is taxiing depends on the type of brakes used and whether the ship is equipped with a tail wheel or a tail skid. If a tail not of the full-swiveling type or a tail skid is used, some forward movement of the airplane is necessary before a turn can be made. With a full-swiveling tail wheel it is possible to turn the airplane practically on one wheel, although this is hard on the tire of the wheel being help and should be avoided unless necessity requires it. 
  Fast taxiing, with or without brakes, is a very poor practice for students. Although brakes may stop the ship, wither a propeller or a wing tip or both may be damaged if they are suddenly needed\and applied too precipitately. This is particularly true during down wind taxiing, since the excess speed is usually not realized. If the elevators are then raised and the brakes applied, the braking actions, plus the wind under the tail issue to result in a nose up.