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82 U. S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

phenomena incident to the loss of speed, the student should be permitted to practice and learn for himself.

During the recovery, the controls should be used smoothly and positively, not roughly or sharply, for this rule applies to stalls as well as other maneuvers. It will be noted that large movements of the controls, as contrasted with pressures, are used at speeds near the stalling speed, but it should be explained and emphasized that, because of these large movements, each control acts as a brake and further reduces any remaining speed if they are used sharply and abruptly.

Particular attention should be given to the fact that recovery should not be started too soon, since such action will only result in further loss of altitude and may allow the student to acquire the habit of attempting to force performance. As his experience and feel develop, he will acquire the ability to sense the gain of speed and know when to start recovery from the dive.

When the student has begun to exhibit some sense of the feel of the stall and recovery, he should be required to practice along a road, keeping the fall and recovery in a straight line.

The student probably will have discovered the tendency of the ship to fall off on one wing and have attempted to pick this wing up wiht the aileron. This is the natural tendency and another case where trained reactions must be substituted for the so-called "self-preservation" instincts. It is another important phase of the practice of stalls since this use of the aileron aggravates the condition which caused the wing to fall.

Obviously, the wing which fell had less lift and was in a more severe stalled condition that the other or it would not have fallen. The application of aileron to bring this wing up creates more drag on it and slows it down. This, in turn, imparts a yawing movement in the direction of the low wing and speeds up the high wing, giving it more lift due to the increased speed. This, as was seen in banks, aggravates the undesirable condition still further and an incipient spin results.

The proper procedure when one wing drops is to apply opposite rudder, thus forcing the low wing forward and increasing its speed and lift until it is equal to the other and the lift is balanced equally between the two. With sufficient practice the student will sense when the wing is going to fall long before it starts and by a slight correction with the rudder, as explained, prevent its occurrence just as an incipient ground loop is sensed and prevented before it actually starts.

Care must be taken that the student does not develop the habit of "fanning" or "walking the rudder" in making these corrections. The rudder should be applied in the proper direction as a result of a definite indication that it is needed and only in a sufficient amount to accomplish the desired result. Over controlling will invariably lead to the "fanning," or "walking the rudder" habit.

Some of the more common errors exhibited by the average student are: Tenseness; watching the nose intently; improper, abrupt and violent use of the controls; inability to keep the airplane headed straight; and failure to stall the airplane.