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                   FLIGHT

Section 3251       ADF AND LOOP RECEIVERS

   a. Nose and Tail Bearings QDMs, QDRs Cont'd.
     (4)In approaching Syracuse from Smith Falls, corrections for wind drift will be made in the same manner as when correcting using QDRs or tail bearings. In general practice it can safely be stated that the pilot will never be too greatly in error if he will correct twice the number of degrees that he has drifted off-course to arrive back on-course in the same time he has drifted off. As an example: if he has drifted off-course 15 [[degrees]] in 15 minutes, he should be back on-course in 15 minutes if he corrects 30 [[degrees]].

5. ADF TRACKING, QDMs, QDRs, Cont'd.
  (a) Explanation of the "BUTT END" SYSTEM
     (1) The ADF performs its most useful role when used to establish and maintain a desired track. There are several methods of doing this. The following system which is comparatively simple and reliable is frequently called the "butt end system" since the pilot is always concerned with the position of the rear end of the ADF needle. This is the primary reason for the system's simplicity. No matter whether the pilot is approaching, leaving or abeam the station, the butt end of the needle always gives a true picture of the pilot's position FROM the station. As in all ADF work, it is essential that the station be accurately tuned in and the rotatable azimuth be turned to the compass heading of the aircraft at all times. There are 2 primary rules in the "butt end system"; first, the hub of the ADF needle in the center of the dial is considered to be the transmitting station to which the ADF is tuned. Second, the butt end of the needle is considered to be the position of the aircraft. These rules are constant regardless of the aircraft's heading. 

  (b) Steps in Flying QDMs or QDRs
     (1) An ADF track is established as follows:
        (a) Tune in station accurately so that needle is as settled as possible.
        (b) Set rotatable azimuth to the compass heading.
        (c) Draw an imaginary line across the face of dial through the degrees of desired track and reciprocal bearing.


2/1/47                         Flight