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THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA

scenes in relief, one position of which showing Livingston, Monroe and Marbois signing the Louisiana Purchase treaty, was east in bronze and placed in the Jefferson memorial building in St. Louis.  In preparing for the Panama-Pacific exposition, he served in an advisory capacity, 1912-15.  Except for his exposition work, he discontinued decorate sculpture in 1901, and converted his huge factory-like studio into a simple workshop where he designed the Villard memorial at Tarrytown, N.Y. (1902); Hubbard memorial at Montpelier, Vt. (1903); Franz Sigel statue in New York city (1907); two pediments and four groups of heroic figures for the Wisconsin state capitol (1908-12); Chinese figures on the facade of the Brooklyn (N.Y.) museum (1909); three statues of Thomas Jefferson, the first executed for the Jefferson memorial building in St. Louis (1903), the second, which is joined with a statue of Hamilton, for the county courthouse in Cleveland (1910) and the third, unveiled after the sculptor's death, for the University of Virginia (1915); statues of Lords Summers and Mansfield (1910), Thomas Lowry (1915) and President White of Cornell university (1915); and memorials to Carl Schurz (1913), Prehn (1911) and Kasson (1915).  His last work, a figure of "Abundance" for the fountain before the Plaza hotel in New York, was cast in bronze after his death.  Bitter received a silver medal at the Paris exposition of 1900; gold medals at the Pan-American exposition in 1901, at Philadelphia in 1902 and at the St. Louis exposition in 1904; and the medal of honor in sculpture of the Architectural League, 1914.  He was a charter member of the National Sculpture Society, which he served as president in 1906, and again from 1914 until his death; and a member also of the National Academy of Design, Architectural League, National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the Century and Players clubs.  He was especially fond of music and the study of history, philosophy and comparative religion.  Bitter was married in New York city, June 30, 1901, to Marie Agnes, daughter of Ferdinand Schevill, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and had three children, Francis, Marietta and John Frederick Bitter.  He died in New York city, Apr. 10, 1915.
[[bold]] [SMITH, Albert William], chemist, was born at Newark, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1862, son of George Holbeek and Mary Jane (Sanborn) Smith.  He was graduated Ph.C. at the University of Michigan in 1885 and B.S. at the Case school of applied science, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1887, and received a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zurich in 1891.  His teaching career began as instructor in chemistry at the Case school in 1886.  Later his subjects included metallurgy and mining engineering and in 1891 he was made assistant professor of chemistry and metallurgy.  He became professor metallurgy in 1906 and professor of chemical engineering in 1912, holding the latter chair until his death.  In addition to his work at Case he was consulting chemical engineer of the Dow Chemical Co., of Midland, Mich., where he engaged in research on electrolytic cells for the production of chlorine, caustic soda, bromine, metallic magnesium and sodium and their application and uses.  He invented several chemical processes which contributed to the success of the company: processes for the extraction of bromine (patented Apr. 14, 1903) and gold (patented Aug. 1, 1916); for the manufacture of chloroform (patented Mar. 1, 1904), and metallic sodium (patented Mar. 16, 1920 and Apr. 19, 1921); and electrolytic apparatus (patented Aug. 29, 1922).  All patents but the last were assigned to the Dow Chemical Co.  His process for chloroform produced a higher grade quality which could be manufactured at a lower cost and provided a new outlet for chlorine as well as facilities for the manufacture of carbon tetra-chloride and carbon bi-sulphide, also marketable products.  A large proportion of the chloroform now used in the United States is made by the Smith process.  His process for extracting bromine resulted in a more efficient method of manufacturing mining salts, a mixture of bromide and bromate, which played an important part in certain commercial methods for extracting old from ores.  His electrolytic apparatus resulted in a cheaper process for the production of electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen.  During the World war the Dow Chemical Co. plant was used by the U.S. bureau of mines for the development of tear, mustard and other war gases, and Smith devoted his entire time to devising and producing large scale equipment which made possible the manufacture of these gases in quantity.  A large part of the poison gases used at the U.S. army training camps was produced under his supervision.  He also assisted in the development of means for lining shells for war gases.  As an educator Smith was in close touch with his students and even aided them financially. He was self-effacing and modest and one of the most beloved professors at the Case school.  In Cleveland he was a member of the city water purification commission which built the West Side filtration plant.  All branches of science were of interest to him and he was widely read in botany and zoology.  Many of his vacations were spent finishing in the Hudson bay region of northern Canada.  He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chemical Society of London and Society of Chemical Industry, London and Society of Chemical Industry, London, and a member of the American Chemical Society, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Electrochemical Society, Franklin Institute, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Deutsche Chemische Gesellshaft, French Society of Industrial Chemists and the Phi Chi, Tau Beta Pi and Alpha Chi Sigma fraternities.  In religion he was a Presbyterian.  He was married June 4, 1890, to Mark, daughter to Frederick A. Wilkinson, of Cleveland, and had four children: Cara, wife of Russell Charles Manning; Kent Hale; Vincent Kinsman and Albert Kelvin Smith.  He died in Cleveland, Ohio, Mar. 4, 1927.
[[bold]] [LODGE, George Cabot], poet, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1873, son of Hendry Cabot Lodge (q.v.) and Anna Cabot Mills (Davis) Lodge. Much of his early boyhood was spent at Nahant, where his grandfather, John Ellerton Lodge, had a summer residence. There he was tutored by his mother and entered Harvard college and was graduated A.B. in 1895. At Harvard he developed a lasting taste for French and Italian poetry and for a metaphysical speculation. He wrote a good deal of verse which was published in the "Harvard Monthly." He spent the winter of 1895-96 at Sorbonne in Paris studying romance philology and Middle Age literature, and in the following year in Berlin studied German philosophy. On his return to America he became his father's private secretary and joined him in Washington. In 1898 he published "The