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FREEDOMWAYS                             SECOND QUARTER 1973

tion which Oswald Garrison Villard wanted to name "The Committee for the Advancement of the Human Race." In the same year, 1909, that the NAACP was organized, President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard denounced any amalgamation of the races and supported the South's demand for complete separation of the races. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a former abolitionist, stated it was a mistake to give suffrage to Blacks as a class; that no white community would permit supremacy of colored races. Many white philanthropists denounced the NAACP's national committee of one hundred, and an executive committee of thirty from its members and even some Blacks thought the organization of the NAACP unwise.

  Residential segregation ordinances appeared in a number of southern and border states. In Baltimore, the NAACP in 1910 had the first of these residential restrictions declared unconstitutional but the city enacted two others. In November 1910 the first issue of the Crisis appeared. In the same year the NAACP sent Du Bois to the International Congress of Races in London. At the same time Washington was touring England and telling English audiences that Blacks in the United States were satisfied with their condition and the Negro problem in America was in process of satisfactory solution. In his speeches before the Congress in London, Du Bois made it clear that Blacks were suffering under grave legal and civil disabilities and only by a fierce struggle would they overcome them. On October 26, 1910, a statement and appeal was sent to Europe signed by thirty-two Negro Americans. This appeal was not sent out by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, nor did the Association sponsor it. It was sent solely on the authority of the men who signed it. These men included two editors, one dentist, seven lawyers, two ministers, two bishops, three physicians, one teacher, two presidents of educational institutions, one member of a Legislature and others. This Appeal after stating that its signers did not agree with Washington gave a long list of grievances.

  In 1911 the National Urban League was founded. The same year Booker T. Washington was severely beaten in New York City for allegedly approaching a white woman, and both radical and conservative black leaders rushed to his defense. It was in 1911 that Du Bois published his novel, The Quest of the Silver Fleece which correlated the cotton industry with institutional racism, and called attention to the relationship between racism and economics. 1911 also marks the beginning in Jamaica of Marcus Garvey's Universal

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