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[[underline]] Chapter XV. [[/underline]] 317.

of the former type, indeed---mainly grave-mounds and other earthworks---I already knew, either from personal observation or through Mr. Tung's reports.  I hoped, moreover, that in such a comparatively mild and dry winter climate as that of central China, fieldwork would at that season prove practicable---something that was far from true of northern China, with its intense winter cold, piercing dust-laden winds, and frozen ground.

[[underline]] The Yangtze Valley's Part in the Development of Chinese Civilization. [[/underline]]
I had been especially interested by the way in which early civilization in the Yangtze valley, as exemplified by the rise of strong centralized monarchical states in place of loosely articulated agglomerations of tribal or even mere village communities, had extended itself gradually from west to east---from the upper reaches of the great river downward to its mouth and over the adjacent areas of seacoast (see map, pl. CXXV^[[I,]] and Appendix II). [[superscript]] (279) [[/superscript]]  This fact has not, as far as I am aware, been pointed
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[[superscript]] (279) [[/superscript]]  The same phenomenon, of a gradual eastward culture-drift, also occurred in northern China. There, however, it began longer before the dawn of history, and its course is consequently harder to trace; though we know that much of the seaboard, at all events, was not definitively absorbed into the Chinese political system until the very end of the Chou period (in the 3rd century B.C.), or perhaps slightly later.  The birthplace of Mencius, for example, in the modern Shantung, had in the lifetime of Confucius, a couple of centuries earlier, still been in the possession of "barbarians" ([[underline]] i.e. [[/underline]], of people not regarded as Chinese).
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out in any^[[|]]work, whether Chinese or Occidental, dealing with the rise and spread of culture in ancient China. [[superscript]] (280) [[/superscript]]
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[[superscript]] (280) [[/superscript]]  I have described the process in^[[|]]some detail in my paper, "The Beginnings of North and South in China", published in [[underline]] Pacific Affairs [[/underline]], vol. VII, no.3 (Sept., 1934), pp. 297-325.  See also my articles, "The Geographical Factor in the Development of the Chinese Civilization", in [[underline]] The Geographical Review [[/underline]], vol. XII, no. 1 (Jan., 1922), pp. 19-41; and "The Rise of Civilization in China with Reference to its Geographical Aspects", [[underline]] id. [[/underline]], vol. XXII, no. 4 (Oct., 1932), pp. 617-631.
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