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[[underlined]] APPENDIX [[strikethrough]] A [[/strikethrough]]^[[II]]. [[/underlined]] 22. 
state so greatly depended, in both peace and war. For dwelling as they did in a land of streams, marshes, and lakes, water craft played a leading part in their daily lives. [[superscript]] (57) [[/superscript]]
There seems pretty clearly to have been not merely a social but, originally at least, an actual ethnic difference between Wu's ruling class and its subject population. For the former consistently referred to itself not as a group of the Man and Yi "barbarians" but simply as dwelling among (or perhaps between) them. [[superscript]] (58) [[/superscript]] The masses on the other hand, many scholars believe, were ancestral Annamites who in later times withdrew southwestward along the coast to their present seats in Indo-China. They seem also to have differed from the aboriginal inhabitants of Ch'u (on these, [[underline]] cf. [[/underline]] page 11 and note 32, on same page). Possibly significant in this connection is the existence even today, a little east of Nanking, of a dialectic boundary which coincides fairly closely with the ancient frontier between Wu and Ch'u. [[superscript]] (59) [[/superscript]]
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(57)
Though naval battles among the riparian or maritime states of Wu, Ch'u, and Yueh are often spoken of in the older Chinese records, these make no mention of sailing craft until much later. The earliest unmistakable reference to vessels propelled by sails (instead of paddles or oars) seems to be that in the [[underlined]] Shih ming [[/underlined]] 釋名,  a work compiled during the period 220-250 A.D. The passage states that "when the sail ( [[underlined]] fan [[/underlined]] 帆 ) is spread, the boat will go fast with the wind". 
During the latter part of the same period, an account of a journey to Fu-nan (near Siam?), written by one K'ang T'ai 康泰, makes mention of seven-sailed ships (apparently not Chinese) that ply the Indian Ocean with the monsoons. 
For both these references I am indebted to Dr. A. W. Hummel, of the Library of Congress. 
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(58)
For instances of this attitude of aloofness on the part of the ruling class of Wu, see the [[underlined]] Tso chuan [[/underlined]], XII, 1, 2, and the [[underlined]] Shih chi [[/underlined]], chapt. XXXI, fol. 2-b. 
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(59)
Regarding this dialectic boundary, see Dr. V. K. Ting, "Report on the Geology of the Yangtze Valley below Wuhu", [[underlined]] Whangpoo Conservancy Board, Shanghai Harbour Investigations, ser. I, no. 1, Shanghai, 1919; page 78. 
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Transcription Notes:
Yueh needs umlaut over "u" Add Chinese characters