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be combined with pivoting, and may be used as the "low position" during Bowing (see below). They obviously are aggresive They are assumed most frequently by attaching birds immediately before attack.
In Lateral Fluffing, all the feathers of the flanks and sides are raised. This greatly increases the lateral dimensions of the bird performing the patter. Such a bird looks [[underline]] very [[/underline]] broad when viewed from the front or rear. In all or most Lateral Fluffing,the feathers also are erected in such a way as to form two "tufts" or "peaks" on each side, rising diagonally upward to cover the lower edges of the wings. The anterior tufts may be large and conspicuous enough to look like "false wings". (This is difficult to describe in words, but it is illustrated in figure----) Lateral Fluffing is almost an integral part of the Head-lowered pattern. the only other postures with which it may be associated are some unusual Bill-up patterns which probably are partly intermediate between typical Bill-up Postures and typical Head-lowered Postures.
In typical bill-up Postures, the head and bill are pointed almost vertically upward, while the body and tail remain in a diagonal position or appearance or approximately horizontal(see figure---). Most Bill-up Postures are accompanied by some degree of Belly-ruffling. The wings are usually drooped, but not spread, except when Lateral Fluffing is alse present. Bill-up Postures are usually silent. They often serve on "high postures" during Bowing, and may be combined with pivoting. Occasionally, they are accompanied by Warbles, Rattles, and/or "Wheet" notes. They obviously are less aggressive than Head-lowered Postures. They are performed immediately before escape as well as attack.
Bowing is a  more or less rapid alternation of up and down movements. A Bowing bird alternately stands with its head held high and with its head held low. Performances of this type are stereotyped enough to suggest that they have become slightly ritualized , but they are variable as some aspects of for