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[[circled]] 13 [[/circled]] med a Bill-up Tail-up Posture, ruffled her belly feathers, and performed Wing-quivering with her wings held out and slightly drooped (see figure -). At the same time she uttered several Hoarse Notes, (probably) followed by one soft Rattle. After the copulation, one or both birds uttered more Hoarse Notes. THE BLACK-HEADED SALTOTOR [[underlined]](S. atriceps)[[/underlined]] Black-headed Saltators were studied in most of the same areas of central Panama, during the same period of time, as Buff-throated Saltators.