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green barley, green corn, and green sugar cane. In southern Ecuador between Santa Rosa and Loja brown sugar was commonly fed to animals. This comes in cakes like small bricks and is called raspadura. It is made by boiling down the raw sugar juice without purifying in any way, giving a dark brown mass. Animals are very fond of it. Another feed for animals is obtained from a wild grass which has been brought under cultivation by transplanting the roots. This is Axonopus iridifolius and is called gamalote or (gramalote). The grass is cut and fed green like alfalfa.

Peru.

In a general way the main subdivisions into coastal plain, Cordillera, and oriente continued from Ecuador into Peru. The coastal plain is extremely arid and constitutes one of the most desert regions of the world. In much of the region rain falls only at intervals of several years-- sometimes as much as fifteen. There are several rivers from the mountains that flow to the sea. To the valleys of these rivers the agriculture is confined. The soil is fertile and when irrigated from these rivers produces abundantly. The chief crops here are cotton, sugar, and fruits, especially the grape. The Cordillera or Sierra contains two or three ranges and includes several high, snowcapped peaks of over 20,000 feet. The valleys between are in the central and southern part expanded into bread plateaus of 12000 to 14000 feet elevation. These uplands are called Punas and correspond to the paramos of Ecuador.

In Peru the rivers in the valleys of the north and central part flow to the north and finally to join the Amazon. Iquitos in the north-eastern part lies