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J. Elfreth Watkins.

"Origin of the English and American Railway Systems - Causes of their Differences".

Read before the Philosophical Society of Washignton, February 1889. Describing the conditions of trade, manufacture and commerce which lead to the invention of the stationary engine, the railway and finally to the steam locomotive.

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J. Elfreth Watkins.

"Development of the American Rail and Track".

Read before the Annual Convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, at Seabright, N.J. June 21, 1889. Describing the various types of wooden, cast iron and rolled iron rails together with a brief review of the history of the manufacture of iron and steel and the beginning and development of the American rail.