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[[^Wilson]]

mer-stones and grinding-stones. The processes are shown in six figures forming a series, from the rude chipped to the finely polished, hatchets. In the Paleolithic Age the material used was such as could be chipped, while in the Neolithic Age many stone implements of non-chippable material, like granite, diorite, &c., which had to be reduced to the required form by hammering or pecking, called by the French, [[underline]] martelage. [[/underline]] The hatchet was inserted in a handle made of wood, with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle. Many specimens, mostly from France and Switzerland, have been found which indicate this as its general use. The National Museum is the fortunate possessor of two specimens, one of the property of Mr. Byron E. Dodge from Wisconsin, the other of C. M. Crouse, Esq., Syracuse, N. Y. The universality of the polished stone hatchet during the Neolithic Period, is shown by the universality of the material used. On the sea-coast and in the Islands, the fossil shells were not infrequently employed. While no two polished stone hatchets may be exactly alike, each having been the handiwork of an individual man who apparently worked for himself and without pattern, yet they are all capable of being reduced to a few general types, and a series taken from almost any locality in the United States would represent a similar series from almost any other locality, either in the United States, and, practically so, anywhere in the world. 

[[^3]] [[underline]] Grooved Stone Axes. [[/underline]] Vol. III, No. 5, May, 1895, pp. 155-157.

While the Polished Stone Hatchet was almost universal among prehistoric peoples, the Grooved Stone Axe is confined to the United States.

When the prehistoric man of Europe desired a heavier cutting implement than his Polished Stone Hatchet, he drilled a hole through the axe and inserted a hand, sledge-fashion. When the prehistoric man of America wanted a similar implement, he made a groove around the implement and bound it with a withe which served as a handle.

Some of these implements have the edge placed transversely to the handle and so they became adzes, and where the bitt is convex instead of straight they became gouges. The same distinctiveness and difference of detail in size, shape, form and material, remarked among Polished Stone Hatchets, have been found among Grooved Stone Axes.

[[^4]] [[underline]] Stone Cutting Implements. [[/underline]] Vol. III, No. 6, June, 1895, pp. 179-185.

Rude Notched Axes resemble the grooved axe. A notch has been prepared by chipping for a withe or handle, the edges of which notch have been hammered or pecked so as to destroy their sharpness and permit the use of the withe; but they are rudely chipped and beyond this show no traces of pecking, and never of smoothing or grinding. They are pecu-