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     c. Velocity components relative to air mass, including air speed, rate of climb, roll, pitch and yaw.
     d. Wind velocity to establish ground track and speed.
2. That giving additional flexibility to operations and imposing deviations.
     a. Terrain and obstacle clearance (vertical and lateral separation)
     b. Position and rate of approach of neighboring aircraft
     c. Unforeseen weather hazards
     d. Information not contemplated prior to take-off and unavailable from instruments or indicators that necessitates a change of flight plan.

There are two primary sources of this information:
   1. Facilities located within the aircraft not dependent on the cooperation of ground facilities. 
     a. Standard [[and here is a handwritten note]] ? [[/and here is a handwritten note]] flight instruments
     b. Airborne radar
     c. Integrating computers (API, GPI)
     d. Clearance indicators
2. Cooperative systems dependent on ground as well as air facilities. 
     a. Ground organization and equipment for weather reporting and forecasting.
     b. Ground organization and equipment for surveillance and control of aircraft.
     c. Ground facilities for direct use of pilot, including
       (1) Homing navigational aide
       (2) Position-fix navigational aide
       (3) Instrument landing aide

The channels for transmission of this information are of two types: