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TELEPHONE, CORTLAND 7285

CABLE ADDRESS: "REMMAH, NEW YORK"

WILLIAM J. HAMMER
CONSULTING ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
55 LIBERTY STREET
NEW YORK CITY
SUITE 2510

the cradle are as follows:

(1) Balancing [[underlined]]  A movement of the cradle toward one wing is followed by a decrease in the tendency to rise, or by an actual sinking of that wing from its former position.

    Steering [[underlined]]  Moving the cradle to the right or left does not directly control the direction of the machine, but the sliding which results from the tilting thus produced, regulates the pressure on the tail and this enables the operator to change his direction or to circle.  Thus the lateral balance is controlled directly by the warping of the wings, while the steering is controlled indirectly by purposely disturbing the lateral balance.

     A moveable vertical tail is not a necessity in a flying machine for any purpose except lateral balance. [[all words underlined]]

     A moveable vertical tail was not considered a necessity by Lillienthal, Chanute, or any of the men who attempted actual flights with motorless gliders.  They considered a fixed vertical tail sufficient.

No successful aeroplane of the present day follows a continuously circular course with the pressure on the inner side of the vertical tail. A continuous pressure on the inner side such as a ship rudder always carries when turning, would in all known flying machines cause the machine to circle faster and faster on a decreasing spiral, an effect never produced on a ship. A ship cannot be started by merely tilting the ship out of lateral balance. Vertical tails therefore do not possess the same functions in ships that they possess in aeroplanes and are not used in the same way for the same purpose.

Wilbur Wright.
per W.J.H.