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thereby turn the machine to the right) the "right rudder" must be put on to counteract the "propeller torque" or else the 'bus will turn gently to the left as she rushes over the ground.

"bumps" - a sudden gust which lowers or raises the plane, or twists it sideways. The old idea was that of a "hole in the air". Now we ascribe it to the "roiling" of the air currents above various natures of land or water below. Over the edge of a body of water such as a good sized lake the "bump" is encountered at the point shown in diagram. [[drawing of plane hitting turbulence over a lake]]