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be to shift from production and use of goods for civilian purposes to their production and use for military purposes, we would be faced with the problem of shifting employed manpower rather than unemployed manpower. Much less effort was required in World War II to direct unemployed manpower in a future war. At the same time, living standards at the beginning of World War II were generally low; it will be much more difficult in a future war to reduce our present high living standards than it was to prevent the rise of low living standards in World War II. In general, mobilization for World War II presented fewer difficulties than will a future mobilization, because World War II followed ten years of very bad times.
Another vital reason for having a law outlining manpower controls in a future war is the probable use of atomic, biological,  and chemical weapons by the enemy on our mobilization base. Such attacks will tend only to increase the confusion and disruption of normal activity created by our change-over from a peace to a war economy. But more important, the requirement for well-organized and trained units throughout the country, prepared and equipped to meet the problems of enemy attack must be filled.[[superscript]]19[[/superscript]] It is improbable that a civilian defense organization can be maintained by voluntary cooperation. Strict discipline will be required; orders must be given and obeyed.[[superscript]]20[[/superscript]] Here again, will be a new demand for manpower, and the desire for survival and security will cause individuals and groups to look to government for direction and control. It should be obvious that
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[[superscript]]19[[/superscript]]R. J. Hopley,[[underlined]] Civil Defense for National Security [[/underlined]], Industrial College of the Armed Forces, p. 4ff.
[[superscript]]20[[/superscript]]S. T. Possory, [[underlined]]Strategic Air Power[[/underlined]], p. 174ff.

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