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and reverted to the Chinese system of having all governmental administration reside primarily in the hands of civilians.  This continued until the overturn of the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and the subsequent seizure of the government by the military party.  Yuan Shik Kai, in attempting to establish his system, appointed military commanders in all the subdivisions of the empire.  These were persons that he could rely upon and were of the military class as distinguised from the old civil governors who had been selected by a series of competitive examinations from the body of the Chinese people.  As the authority of the central government was gradually broken down the strength of the Tuchuns or military governors grew until the present condition exists.  With it has come an augmentation of the total number of men under arms that are called "soldiers".  There has been a complete break down of the whole Chinese military system laid out by the German instructors.  There is no uniformity in equipment, operations, or supplies and the so-called armies merely consist of hordes of more or less trained retainers.

6.  Should it become necessary to land a military force in China, the resistance to be expected would be not much more serious than the incident to a campaign in Mexico.  The greatest number of

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