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14 ATCM 51-38 1 September 1977 - Barrel Roll A barrel roll is a coordinated roll in which the nose of the aircraft describes a circle around a point on the horizon. Maintain definite seat pressure throughout the roll. Practice the barrel roll both to the right and to the left, and at various power settings and entry airspeeds. For training purposes, first demonstrate proficiency as follows: Attain an entry airspeed and power of approximately 400 KIAS and 95 percent with the nose below the selected reference point. Apply control pressures to start a turn in the opposite direction of the desired roll, keeping the nose below the horizon until it is to the side of the reference point. At this time begin the roll using smooth control pressure to maintain a circular flightpath equidistant from the reference point and arriving back at the horizon in a wings level upright attitude for completion of the maneuver. Aileron Roll Accomplish aileron rolls at any airspeed between minimum control airspeed and the limiting airspeed of the aircraft. Practice them at various pitch attitudes. The T-38 is capable of an extremely high rate of roll, so you must relax control pressure during the last part of the roll to prevent overshoot. Do not attempt to keep the nose on a point. Cloverleaf Practice the cloverleaf at various power settings between 95 percent and military, and at entry airspeeds. For training purposes first demonstrate proficiency as follows: 1. Attain approximately 450 KIAS, set the throttles within the range of 95 percent and military. This preselected power setting should be maintained through the remainder of the leaf. Power may be adjusted at the beginning of each successive leaf. 2. Pull the nose of the aircraft up to approximately 45° of pitch attitude, and begin a turn to a selected reference point 90° left or right. Keeping the reference point in sight, allow the climb attitude to continue increasing as you roll, so that the maneuver is fairly slow and lazy. The airspeed should be between 175 to 200 KIAS as the aircraft passes through the inverted level flight attitude. 3. With smoothly increasing back pressure complete the pullthrough. After passing the vertical position, play the pullup to arrive at level flight with entry airspeed. Four pullups with rolls in the same direction constitute a complete cloverleaf. For training purposes, however, you will rarely accomplish four leaves consecutively, and may often relax back pressure on the last leaf to attain entry airspeed for the next maneuver. Loop The loop is a 360° turn in the vertical plane. Since it is executed in a single plane, the elevator is the basic control. Use the ailerons and rudder for coordination and directional control. Attain approximately 450 to 500 KIAS with a power setting between 550° EGT and military power. Enter a 4- to 5-g pullup and complete the maneuver using outside references. Immelmann The Immelmann is a half loop followed by a half roll. Start the Immelmann in the same manner as you begin the loop. Just before the aircraft reaches the inverted level flight attitude, relax back pressure as necessary and execute a half roll in either direction. You should complete the maneuver in level flight traveling 180° from the original direction of flight. Cuban 8 Start the cuban 8 in the same manner as you begin the loop. Relax back pressure approaching 45° below the horizon and execute a half roll in either direction. Back pressure should be relaxed in the roll to stay lined up. Plan your pullup so that you obtain entry airspeed as you reach level flight attitude. In the second half of the maneuver, roll in the opposite direction to complete the cuban 8. Chandelle Practice chandelles through a wide variety of airspeeds and power settings. for training purposes, first demonstrate proficiency as follows: With power set at 95 percent, lower the nose below the horizon. As the airspeed reaches approximately 400 KIAS, begin a climbing turn to bring the nose through the level flight attitude after approximately 30° to 45° of turn with approximately 60° of bank. The nose track should continue to rise at a uniform rate, and the nose should describe a straight line diagonal to the horizon. Hold the bank constant, using top aileron as necessary, until you have completed approximately 135° to 150° of turn. At
