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GAUGES 1. Altitude changes (a) 1° pitch corresponds to ~(nmi/min TAS)x100 ft/min vertical velocity [[arrow from (nmi/min TAS) to this]] use .5 mach ≈ 5 nmi/min .6 mach = 6 nmi/min, etc (e.g. for ILS approach: (160/60)x100 ≈ 270 ft/min/deg -> set ~ 700/270 ≈ 2.5° pitch) (b) to change altitude, use a vertical velocity of ~ twice the altitude change (e.g. 500' change, use 1000' per min) (c) total pitch change required to level off: Δ degrees pitch ≈ vertical velocity / mach (x1000) (e.g. 2000 ft/min climb @ .9 mach takes only ~2° pitch change) (d) level-off lead points (1) with 1000' to go, cut pitch in half (2) begin leveling @ 10% of vertical velocity