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[[NASA Logo]] National Aeronautics and Space Administration Space Shuttle Discovery Returns From Space After eight days in space, Discovery mission STS-60 returns to Earth. Discovery is one of NASA's four reusable launch vehicles used to carry payloads and crewmembers into space. When a mission's planned in-orbit operations have been accomplished, the emphasis on board the orbiter turns to the task of preparing the vehicle for its return to Earth. The crew typically spends the day before entry stowing equipment, cleaning up the living areas, and making final system tests which insure a safe entry and landing. On the day of entry, the crew usually wakes up 6 hours before the deorbit burn and performs the final system tests needed for entry. The spacecraft maneuvers into a tail-first attitude before performing the deorbit burn. The orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines fire to slow the spacecraft, which lowers it into the atmosphere. The orbiter then turns back into a nose-first attitude. Small jet thrusters control the orbiter's maneuvering until its aerodynamic control surfaces encounter enough atmosphere to function like a conventional glider. This usually occurs 30 minutes before touchdown at an altitude of about 120 km. The atmosphere causes drag which slows the spacecraft down from orbital velocity to a safe landing speed. The orbiter's exterior heats up to as much as 1,620°C shortly after entering the atmosphere due to friction caused by drag. Extensive thermal protection shields the spacecraft from the high heat levels. Gray colored composite material protects the areas (the nose and leading edge of the winds) from the most intense heat. Black tiles cover the belly and portions along the side of the orbiter which heat up to as much as 816°C. White tiles and thermal blankets protect the rest of the spacecraft, where temperatures are lower. The on-board computers fly the orbiter until it goes subsonic (slower than the speed of sound or Mach 1) approximately 4 minutes prior to landing. At this time, the commander takes manual flight control of the spacecraft and flies a large spiral approach centered about 13 km from the runway threshold. At the completion of the spiral approach, the orbiter lines up with the runway centerline at an altitude of about 3 km and 11 km downrange from the runway threshold. Once lined up with the runway, the orbiter flies a steep 18° to 20° flight path until an altitude of about 600 meters when it begins shallowing out to a 1.5° flight path. The pilot lowers the landing gear at an altitude of 100 m and the commander lands the orbiter about 750 m past the runway threshold. Shortly after landing, the pilot deploys the drag chute and the commander lowers the nose and applies wheel brakes. After about one hour post-landing activities, which include shutting down systems, the crew exits the orbiter marking the completion of another successful Space Shuttle mission. Facts and Figures (Typical Mission) Maximum Mach number Mach 26 Orbital velocity 27,500 km/hr Atmosphere re-entry velocity 28,500 km/hr Average descent rate 70 m/sec Maximum descent rate 150 m/sec Maximum G force 1.6 g's Certified G force limit 2.1-2.5 g's Maximum airspeed 575 km/hr Certified airspeed limit 617 km/hr Landing velocity 370 km/hr Landing weight 82,000-102,00 kg Runway length 4.6 km Rollout distance 3 km Space Shuttle Orbit to Landing Profile Orbiter operational at 185-402 km [[Image of Rocket right side up]] Deorbit burn [[Image of Rocket upside down]] Atmosphere reentry at 120 km [[Image of Rocket poiting up]] Orbiter lands on runway [[Image of Rocket about to take off]] Electronic Resources Additional information is available over the World Wide Web at the following address: http://www.osf.hq.nasa.gov/heds LG-1997-07-458-HQ
