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b. coconut residue cake left over from the production of coconut oil in desa Bluto, Sumenep, is suitable for feeding chickens and pigs (the cake is now sold for this purpose);

c. both the whey and the bean residue left over from tahu production in desa Lalangan, Sumenep, are excellent and extremely nutritious food for beed or dairy cattle; the people now feed some of these products to their cattle, but the village has only a few animals. Some of the bean residue is sold and most of the whey is thrown away in a nearby river.  

Could there be some coordination between Dinas Perindustrian and Dinas Peternakan in these villages? Could, for example, Kwanyar be enrolled in a PDP duck project, Bluto in a poultry project, and Lalangan in a cattle project? I believe a cost analysis would show that it is more profitable for a producer to use his by-products to raise his own animals than to sell them.

6. All inputs given out under PDP industry projects on Madura must be channeled through klompoks. Given the relative failure of the cooperative movement in the past, it is fair to ask what are the odds of these industry klompoks succeeding and going on to become full fledged cooperatives? With this question in mind, the industries on Madura group themselves into three types: 

a. The tradition of "bagi hasil" (sharing profits) rather than using hired wage labor is still strong on Madura. The blacksmithing, quicklime and limestone block industries all use bagi hasil. I believe this tradition forms a strong background for klompok formation;

b. The krupuk, jaring ikan, anyaman pandan, minyak kelapa, tahu and tempe industries surveyed were all organized along the lines of individual household production, with each household seeking out its own suppliers and buyers; in encouraging klompok formation in these villages the Dinas Perindustrian should be careful not to give undue advantage to one family over the other by, for example, locating a large piece of mechanized equipment at the house of one family and giving them the right to determine other families' access to the machinery;

c. powerful tengkulaks and pendagang pengumpul control the batik industry at Kotah and the anyaman bamboo industry at Saroko; our success rate with true cooperative formation in such situations on Java has been poor; generally the powerful individual takes over the cooperative and uses it as part of his personal enterprise.

6. Time and space do not permit outlining a complete small industry credit program for Madura here, but two suggestions based on our experience in Central Java can be made:

a. A guideline in giving out loans is that a one-year loan should be approximately 20 times the amount of daily working capital consumed by the enterprise; for example, a blacksmithing operation using 10,000 Rp worth of iron and charcoal a day needs and can comfortably repay a loan of about 200,000 Rp, while an anyaman pandan household using 3000 Rp worth of pandan and dyes a month obviously needs a smaller loan;