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2. logistics of where these laborers could be settled at least cost to the estates 3. means to keep the laborers who were not repatriated to Java available to the estates when needed, but not wholely dependent on the estates for their subsistence during periods of econ. slack ((these problems still being talked of on W. Java plantations today - major problem how to shift the burden of risk to the worker in case of drop in world commodities prices - in 1982 not talking about the Great Dep. but "Resesi Dunia" (World Recession) )) long debate on the "colonization" issue; in the early 20's this debate [[?]] in terms of "landbouwkolonisatie" (ag. colonization) vs "arbeidneder - zettingen" (labor settlements) former means supplying agr. land, preferably rice fields, to laborers for their subsistence cultivation in form of land grants; N. Sum. planters rejected this scheme because insufficient land between the estate concession to permit this, and feared laborers might become [[right page]] independent of them the question now became should labor settlements be located on or off the estates if on would be harder to shuck responsibility for labor in times of recession both types experimented with Pelzer describes settlements on the [[left margin note]] (1945) [[/left margin note]] estates whereby plant willing to furnish each married laborer who had been employed at least 5 yrs with a house and garden - - gardens only 1/10 ha (1000 M^2), large enough to provide the atmosphere of a village but too small to grow enough food for the family - - workers not given this land as a grant, but only use ts. as long as employed labor settlement off came to be known as "randkolonisatie" (peripheral or rim colonization) - under this system workers had to be given enough land that could be sent [[left margin note]] p12 [[/left margin note]] back to their villages, ie laid off, in times of recession; also workers supposed to gain part of their subsistence from harvest on this land so that wages could be reduced - see declining cash wages throughout the early 1930's - - under rand-