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kolonisatie workers again given only use rts; estates would provide for housing and for building materials on conditions workers legally bound to work on the plantations -- idea to create a replica of Java and a "normal labor marker" i.e. one that could be dismisses despite these experiments with labor settlements on & off the estates, Sloler feels estates still opposed to family life -- marriage fee very high, some employers refused to grant marriage contracts, continued reluctance to allot individual family housing, & reluctance to bring over more women workers to connect sex ratio during periods of crisis married female workers dismissed but allowed to remain as dependents of their employed husbands; rationale that this would allow otherwise unemployed family heads to earn an income another method of holding onto workers but reducing employment is the granling of "free days" w/ no wages & half days at half pay-- rationale that workers could use this free time to grow their own food crops [[right page]] [[left margin note]] phase 2 [[/left margin note]] beginning about 1932 labor surplus situation changed to labor shortage as production possibilities increased recruitment took form of offering incentives, including allowing hired male [[left margin note]] p14 [[/left margin note]] workers to bring over wives and 2 children at company expense not required that wives work preference for rehiring workers who formerly repatriated to Java and, having experienced the Great Depression there, eager to return to Java under any terms as non-working wives accompanying their husbands entered the area in large numbers, see a decline in female wages in the post-Depression period male wages steadily increasing during the same period [[left margin note]] p15 [[/left margin note]] between 1913 and 1940 male wages increased by 22% while female wages decreased by 11% in 1913 women make up 22% of the labor force & about the same percent of the total pop; by 1933 they still only make up 25% of the labor force but a much larger percent of the total pop. [[left margin note]] p16 [[/left margin note]] in other words, women not being recruited as workers per se, but as child- bearers and reproducers of domestic life