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114 increase in child labor on the estates, some employed directly & some indirectly thru a labor contractor; children age 11 & above who can wield a hoe hired for some tasks & wages as adult women piled in flat bed trucks & carted off at 6 AM to estates sometimes as much as an hour from their homes - return as late as 5 or 6 in even. p30 altho child legally prohibited & a media-induced "clean-up" campaign against child labor took place this year (1979), estate management continues to turn its back claiming is the contractors responsibility (see Tempo, Nov 4, 1978, "Children Beneath the Rubber Trees" reporting on child labor on the Amer. Uniroyal Estate - local govn. officials complained to the reporters that school attendance dropped markedly after 1st grade of elementary since pulled out to work on the estates) unpaid child labor has also increased since older siblings & parents employed as rubber tappers and oil palm investors frequently use children to speed up their work & meet daily 115 quotes ((we saw on tea estates as well)) altho additional unpaid child labor appears in estate calculations as increased productivity per worker, in fact may represent an increased amt. of total labor time, & a decrease in productivity per worker per hr. at same time that no. of estate workers has declined, production figures for the same period reveal a steady rise. [[crossout]]lal[[/crossout]] largely due to shift of estate lands from rubber & tobacco to palm oil which is notably less labor - intensive and can use a much larger ratio of casual to fixed workers without impairing production levels in last 5 yrs (1974-78?) palm oil prod. has increased by 59% between 1969-75 palm oil increased from 22-44% of all N. Sum. agr. exports; Stoler notes, however, that labor intensity figures (i.e. no. of registered workers per hectare (may be illusory if all the unregistered 'helpers' now used are added in p31 workers complained to Stoler that
