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4

benefit from increased productivity resulting from techn. innovation; small tambak holds lack technical inputs or capital to follow model of large holders

re ocean fishing, wide seasonal variation in catch
large catches in rainy with high point Nov-Dec; low catches in dry w/ low [[strikethrough]] four [[/strikethrough]] point in July-Aug; in many cases fisherman remain idle during slack months because catch cannot cover costs of labor and materials - results in underemployment for all family members dependent on fishing, processing & marketing of fish
dry season indebtedness

several fishing technologies acc. to size of fish & distance from coastline i.e. shallowness of water
- gill nets for med. - sized fish in deep water most popular

boats generally sailing prahus [[?]] w/ outboards - larger boats carry a 13 man crew as follows:


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[[margin]] (note resemblance to) [[/margin]]
(one) owner - 7 shares
(one) helmsman - 3 shares
(one) head net operator - 2 shares
(nine) net pullers - 1 share
(one) anchor man (juru batu) - 1.5 shares
(one) net holder (umbal) (child of less than 15 years) - 1 share

boat owner is responsible for supplying crew with the following each day:

3 packs of cigarettes = 750 Rp
20 liters diesel fuel = 3500 Rp
2 liters kerosene for lamps = 300 Rp
2 lamp mantels = 150 Rp
2 lamp glass = 300 Rp
5000 Rp total daily outlay per boat

boat owner often acts as his own helmsman in which case he takes 10 shares or 43% of the catch vs 1 share or 4.3% for regular crew member

boat owners complain of shortages of labor when crew members go home to their villages to assist w/ rice harvest.