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6 Chapter 2: Problem of Poverty (skimmed only) traces poverty back to the time of the rajas when land could be given or taken away at raja's will at this time landless farmers called "mang numpang" because lived off charity of landed who gave them opportunities to work poverty intensified in colonial period e.g. w/ [[with]] forced cultivation of plantation crops; p31 Dutch didn't try to sell their products as Br. [[British]] & Amer's [[Americans]] did in their colonies -- if had tried to sell their products, would need decent incomes for the people Dutch only interested in investing agr. [[agricultural]] capital in Indon [[Indonesia]] (takes this from Abdul Gani) -after period of chaos, when Indon. [[Indonesia]] finally suceeded [[succeeded]] in ousting the Dutch, they caused environm. [[environmental]] damage and infrastructure damage due to inexperience -in following yrs. [[years]] politics given greater import [[importance]] than econ [[economy]] -follows disc. [[discovery]] of Geerty's Agr Ino -pop. [[population]] continues to be a problem -from 1930 to 1981 pop [[population]] of Java increased from 42 to 91 mil. [[million]] 7 -1970's saw growth in gross national income but w/ out [[without]] enough attention as to why groups benefiting [[benefitting]] from the growth -quotes Sri Tua Arif who says that between 1971-74, 6031 small ind. [[industrial]] + cottage enterprises employing 18,074 people shut down [[strikethrough]] on J [[/strikethrough]]in rural Java 1 mil. [[million]] women lost rice pounding income in same yrs [[years]] -industries built in urban areas do not absorb rural migrants in sufficient numbers because capital intensive -Jak. [[Jakarta]] major target for migrants -pop [[population]] of Jak. [[Jakarta]] in 1950 under 1 mil [million] + by 1976 almost 4 mil rapid urban growth accompanied by growth in the informal sector p41 -wealthier villagers may move to town to continue schooling, but poorer (who make up bulk) seldom have enough educ. [[education]] to enter the modern urban sector even so, life in the urban inf. [[informal]] sector likely to be easier than as rural landless poor Jak [[Jakarta]] consists of two cities, one The Big Village and one the international modern capital in 1977 Ali Sadikin estimated that