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pounding base, a bamboo stem to catch the filings, and a manually operated gas pump for heat
as with most Balinese crafts, gold and silver work is largely an inherited trade; however, the increased demand by tourists has resulted in the craft extending beyond the traditional clan; almost every family in Celuk mow makes or sells gold and silver work
apprentices at Celuk begin young, and by the time the boys ((and girls?)) are twelve, they are already producing fine ornaments
Kuta and Kamasan (near Klungkung) are other such smithing centers, the latter famous for large silver bowls

p. 161: from Besakih temple a road runs to the south coast opposite  Nusa Penida island
passes first through Rendang village, where (according to Sekar Lati) are blacksmithing activities
then goes through town of Klungkung, seat of the Dewa Agung, highest Balinese raja, where are shops selling Kamasan (Klungkung-style) paintings, carvings, silverwork and silks
two kilometers further to the south, between Klungkung and gelgel, is the village of Kamasan, famous for its classic wayang-style paintings
Kamasan is also a famous center of gold and silver smithing

8. [[underlined]] from Eiseman, Sekala & Niskala. Vol. I [[/underlined]]

from chap. 8 on "Masters of Steel" (pp. 76-81):
Pandes are a fairly small but very tightly knit clan group in Bali
still fiercely proud, the most conservative in its ranks refusing the religious authority of the Bahamana priests - some claiming ancestry preceding Hinduism, even creating a sort of hybrid religion of their own
Eiseman says that Hinduism was brought to Bali during the collapse of the Hindu-Javanese Majapahit kingdom, between 1478-1520 ((doubtful that no Hindu influence before))
Javanese brought a 3-part caste system, and Balinese considered the 4th or Sudra caste
Javanese brought a 3-part caste system, and Balinese considered the 4th or Sudra caste
Javanese castes, who intermarried with Balinese, the triwangsa, consisting of Brhmana priests, Ksatriya rulers and princes and Wesya merchants ((hence lal pengrajin and patani must have been Sudra))
some who oposted javanization withdrew to isolated regions of the island or were forced out (Bali Aga)
there were also groups within the Sudra who could claim status apart from caste - among these the metalworkers
all smiths on Bali called pande, the most influential among them being the blacksmiths, called pande wesi or pande besi ((why should this be so? why don't other types of smiths have same status?))
in pre-Hindu days, before Pande clan existed, the pande already had considerable political power. including the right to seat representatives on the governing bodies of the desa
already a group apart, who enjoyed respect and aw of their peers to the maintain their position of prestige, smiths kept their

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