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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL     33

biased angle from which to judge, but also causes him to exert a pressure of which he is unaware on the controls in that direction, which again results in dragging a wing. It is surprising how many supposedly good pilots habitually fly with one wing low. This is particularly true in side-by-side aircraft. It is sloppy flying and causes decreased efficiency of the aircraft and uncomfortable sensations to passengers.

Straight flight directionally, when in approximately normal attitudes, may be maintained by simply exerting the necessary pressure on the rudder in the desired direction. However, this practice is not suitable for training purposes and will lead to complications. 

To obtain the proper conception of the pressures required on the rudder during straight and level flight, the airplane must be held vertically and laterally. One of the most common faults of students is a tendency to concentrate on the nose of the aircraft and attempt to hold the wings level by observing the "cant" of the nose. By the use of this method the reference line is very short, and the deviation particularly if very slight, seems unworthy of attention. However, a very small deviation from level by this small reference in an appreciable dragging of one wing. This attitude requires the use of additional rudder to maintain a straight flight, giving a false sense of neutral control by pressures and position.

Frequently it is the right wing which is dragged, due to the arm-weight effect previously mentioned. This requires that left rudder pressure be exerted to hold the ship straight. As a consequence, when turns are stated, the neutral or starting position is not correct and this results in an additional tendency to use too must rudder to the left and not enough to the right. The effects of torque will be enough to cause this tendency, but the dragging of the right wing causes a further complication of it that require much hard work to eliminate once it is allowed to develop.

Straight and level flight requires almost no pressures on the controls if the ship is properly rigged and the air smooth. Care should be taken that the student does not form the habit of "fighting bumps." Such a habit will cause tension to develop, and result in "choking the stick," extreme roughness on the controls, and failure to absorb instruction. However, he must not be allowed to develop a careless and indifferent attitude toward the changes in attitude of the ship caused by bumps. He must learn to know when corrections are necessary and then make them easily and naturally. 

It must be remembered that in the early stages of training fatigue developed rapidly. Frequent rest periods should given and the student encouraged to move around in the his seat on occasions. This last, lent atmospheric disturbances are encountered, the expert pilot will have developed his anticipation of the ship's tendencies and his timing of control pressures to the extent that even in fairly rough air the attitude of the ship will never vary even though it may bounce around considerably. It is the coordination of controls, the anticipation of the distracting factors and the ship's reaction to them, plus the