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40    U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

5. if the nose comes up toward the horizon when entering a bank, too much back elevator pressure is being used.

6. If the nose goes down when entering a bank, too little back elevator pressure is being applied.

In the last two cases improper use of the rudder may also be a factor, as will be explained later. The necessary proportion of elevator and rudder pressures to properly control the vertical position of the nose requires a thorough understanding of their individual effects, as well as excellent coordination.

Often during the entry or recovery from a bank the nose will describe a vertical arc above or below the horizon, only to remain in proper position after the ship is in the bank. This is the result of lack of timing and coordination of pressures on the elevator and rudder controls during the entry and recovery. It shows that the student has a knowledge of correct turns, but that his entry and recovery technique is in error.

Banks

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LEVEL FLIGHT

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MEDIUM BANK 

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Steep BANK 

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showing how the ship is rolled around its longitudinal axis in banking. nose is held level during the process 

FIGURE 2

Excellent coordination and timing of all the controls in turning requires much practice. The student should not be corrected too much at first and the factors should be added one at a time to prevent confusion and discouragement. 

It is important that this coordination be developed, however, since it is the basis of the second fundamental which is probably used more than any of the others during a flying career.

Pressures are executed on the ailerons in the same manner as on the rudder; that is, applied smoothly and gradually built up, then gradually relaxed just before the desired degree of bank is attained. The ailerons will streamline themselves to the airflow when pressure on them is relaxed, but it is best to ease the stick back to neutral and hold a slight opposite pressure to correct for any "overbanking" tendency.

Since the elevators and ailerons are on one control and the pressures on both are executed simultaneously, they must be exerted through an eccentric pattern or in a modified U path. In holding "back pressure" on the elevators, the student will often hold too much side pressure as well, with the result that the bank will tend to decrease or, if it is maintained, the ship will skid. This is particularly true in right-hand turns, because the position of the hands makes the correct movements slightly awkward at first. This situation is sometimes responsible