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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL     45

pressure on it, until this principle is thoroughly understood, as it is also his initiation into the understanding of the effects of inertia which must often be taken into consideration in applying the controls.

In a open cockpit airplane slips and skids can be detected bu the side blasts of air on the face before the student's kinesthetic sensitivity is developed. Since they are caused by an improper balance of forces, they can be detected in other ways as well. If the body is properly relaxed, it will act as a pendulum and may be swayed by any force acting on it. During a skid it will be swayed away from the turn, and during a slip toward the inside of the turn. The same effects will be noted in tendencies to slide on the seat. As the "feel" of flying develops, the student will find himself becoming highly sensitive to this tendency and will be able to detect the presence of, or even the approach of, a slip or skid long before any other indication is present.

In cabin aircraft most of the pilot's information regarding slips and skips must be received in this manner. Later, during the practice of precision turns and after the student is capable of good control analysis, a simple ball bank indicator, installed for check purposes, will prove very beneficial during the solo practice periods. 

It is apparent that the student's safety belt should be tight enough to afford a sense of security, but at the same time not so tight as to obscure his sensitivity to any of these disturbing forces which make themselves felt by requiring a new adjustment of affected muscles and joints. 

After the student has attained a fair degree of proficiency in turns, a safe area should be selected where the instructor can give him, a short period of dual practice in them at a fairly low altitude. This will accomplish several desirable results. It will—

1. Overcome any tendency the student may have to be ground shy and prevent his developing a tendency toward making flat turns and skids close to the ground. 

2. Aid him to acquire ease at low altitude.

3. Afford him an opportunity to observe his track over the ground and think of a turn in its practical application.

4. Exaggerate any errors in technique and make them apparent to the student's limited perception.

5. Require him to feel his way around the turn with the controls and not watch the nose. 

SIDE BY SIDE CONTROLLED AIRCRAFT 

Many modern ships widely used for student instruction are built with the seats and controls side by side. Although this feature has many advantages to both the student and the instructor, it also has one disadvantage to the student. That is that the student does not sit on the center line, or longitudinal axis of the ship, but to one side of it. This affords no difficulty in normal flight, but in turns and other maneuvers requiring a high degree of orientation it does require the use of a more difficult means of judging the attitude of the ship.

At first it will require that the student learn two reference points, one for use in left-hand turns and another for right-hand turns.