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46      U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY 

Even pilots who should know better have a tendency to dive around one turn and climb around the opposite. 

With the student sitting on the left, when a left-hand turn is started and the ship properly rolled around its longitudinal axis in entering the bank, it will be apparent that with reference to the horizon the student is being rolled under the axis, which makes the nose appear too high when judged by the same means as when he was flying level. The common tendency is, of course, to pull the nose down until it looks right, which actually makes it much too low and results in a diving turn. 

In entering a right-hand turn the opposite occurs. The student is rolled around on top of the longitudinal axis, which makes the nose look too low and causes him to instinctively pull it up to where he thinks it looks right, thus making a climbing turn out of the right turn and a diving turn to the left. 

This tendency is aggravated by the action of the rudder, due to torque and the effect of the use of the right hand as previously explained. Considerable practice and emphasis on the proper position of the nose throughout the banking ranges on both sides will be necessary before the relationship of its various apparent positions in different banks is firmly established in the student's mind.

This tendency of the student, or pilot, must be taken into consideration in all side-by-side aircraft, and the proper position of the nose in all degrees of turn must be thoroughly leaned, otherwise difficulty will be encountered, not only in turns, but in all maneuvers during which the ship if off an even keel laterally, or where the angularity of the nose with the horizon must be accurately judged. 

ELEMENTARY APPLICATION OF THE TURN

As soon as the student has a fair conception of practice turns he should be started on maneuvers that require elementary practical applications of the turns.

It must be constantly borne in mind that equal proficiency must be attained in right and left turns as well as all other maneuvers that can be practiced right and left. 

Modern traffic rules require more left turns than right and consequently, unless the training program is planned to compensate for this, the right turns will be slighted—a tendency and bad practice every instructor must avoid. 

The instructor will aid the student to form correct habits of control use if he will require the practice of turns for several minutes at the beginning of each flying period. Appreciable errors during this period should be corrected at the time they are committed and the minor ones brought to the student's attention during the discussion after the flight.

Where progress and safety will permit, the instructor should adapt his methods to suit the physical characteristics as well as the temperament of the student. After the student has acquired some experience and background, he can then be moulded to the required and desired methods. For instance, the tall and long-legged student will have a tendency to over control with the rudder, while the short student will have the reverse tendency. These tendencies can be corrected more easily later, than in the beginning, due to better