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54     U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY
peller starts to move. As the blade come down, the body is bent thrown backwards, and turned all at the same time, so that it is well away from the propeller when the engine starts. The instructor should spend some time in demonstration this action until it is Thor-oughly understood and then the student required to practice until he is perfect before he is allowed to call "contact" and actually start the engine. For safety's sake, the ground wire should be checked, the gas shut off, and the carburetor drained before this practice is started in order that there can be no chance of accidental starting.
 The student should be cautioned never to push the propeller with his shoulder and never to allow any portion of his body to get in the plane of the propeller's rotation. This applies even though the pro-seller is not being cranked. This will obviate any thoughtless walk-ing into a turning propeller, an accident that has happened all too frequently.
 When the student is allowed to start the engine, he should, while the switch is off, place the propeller in the proper position for the down-ward swing just above the proper compression point, step away, and call Contact with his hands off of the propeller. When the pilot or per-son in the cockpit calls Contact he then steps forward, assumes the proper position and swings the blade through the compression point, stepping back and away as before.
 If the engine does not start he should remain away and call Switch Off. He must not return to or touch the propeller until he is as-sured that the switch is off. After this assurance is given, the pro-cedure is repeated until the engine starts.
 On engines of over 300 horsepower a different technique should be used. This technique requires that one or two other persons pull the man on the propeller out of the way, as well as help him by contributing enough force to allow the blade to be pulled sharply through the compression point.         
 Any tendency to grip the blade to tightly should be eliminated, since in event of a back fire and the propeller turning backwards, the student nay be snatched into the propeller and hit by the opposite blade, or have his fingers skinned as the blade is torn from his grip.
 Too much stress cannot be placed upon adequate and proper in-struction in the swinging of propellers. There are all too many broken legs, battered knees, shoulders, arms, and hands bearing wit-ness to the carelessness of someone during this operation.
 Inpress on the student: When touching a propeller always remem-ber the switch is on!
 One of the secrets of starting many engines is the pulling of the propeller over the compression point with a sharp snap. The faster this can be done and more force applied to the propeller, the greater the chance of the the engine starting. Slow movement of the propeller is rarely effective in trying to start an engine. It seems that the only time it is successful is when the start is neither wanted nor expected.
 Impress on the student the necessity for wheel "chocks" and a competent operator in the cockpit. Innumerable pilots and mechanics have neglected these precautions to their sorrow. Almost every pilot knows someone who, as a result of such neglect, has been forced into