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72 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY 

and particularly it must not be allowed to come up during recovery or during the exercise of rolling from one bank to the other when alternating the turns. This exercise should be practiced in all turning maneuvers since it not only insures equal practice of the maneuver both to the right and to the left, but is also one of the best means of perfecting coordination, if executed slowly and smoothly. This is particularly true in climbing and gliding turns since they require a constant variation of the relative pressures on the different controls. 
   Time devoted to glides and gliding turns, other than that ordinarily obtained during landing practice, is particularly important when landings are begun and as an additional exercise during landing practice, since the landings will be no better than the glides. Poor glides and gliding turns invariably result in poor landings.
   During the entire training of a student and particularly during gliding work the student should be impressed that he must not think of control movement. He must be taught to think in terms of movement of the airplane. In other words, by exerting certain pressures he moves the airplane in the desired fashion.
   This must be instilled in him until the airplane practically becomes a part of him controlled by subconscious muscular reaction to his wishes. An example of this is the manner in which the fingers are ordinarily used in picking up an object. No conscious thought is given to directing the action of the fingers, their actions are automatic and only the incidental result of a desire to examine the object that attracts the attention. 

STEEP TURNS 

  Steep turns really belong in more advanced work and are only described here because the student should have an introduction to them prior to solo. It is not necessary that the student attain any great degree of perfection in them before being allowed to solo, only that he be familiar with them and be able to "get away" with a steep turn of short duration should necessity demand it on the first solo or during the early stages of solo work.
  Sufficient practice on them prior to solo will be had during the practice of steep eights and S turns along a road after a short period or two of introduction and instruction.
  Work on the steep turns should begin in earnest after solo and during the dual periods following the review of early work and the correction of errors in the previous solo period. The student, however, must show a good comprehension of the principles and a fair proficiency in them before the pylon eights are introduced, and should have them fairly well perfected before accuracy landings are attempted. 
  A student's understanding of the relationship of speed and control is very important during the execution of steep turns since an increased load on the wing surfaces of an airplane in steeply banked turns and spirals materially increases the stalling speed, a fact which is not thoroughly understood by many experienced pilots. The normal stalling speed of an aircraft refers to only unaccelerated flight. When the wings are called upon to support more than the