Viewing page 81 of 206

This transcription has been completed. Contact us with corrections.

power unless the turn is pulled too tight to be maintained for any length of time.)
Be careful that this demonstration does not leave the student with the impression that use of the rudder is not important. Nothing is further from the truth.
During the application of the elevator control it will be noted that there is a considerable range of pressure between the slipping point and the point where too much speed is lost and "mushing" starts. Any pressure within this range may be considered satisfactory, but it is best for efficient flying and safety to use only the amount of pressure necessary to keep the ship from slipping, more pressure tends toward an attempt to force performance which will result in reducing it. Once the proper speed and radius of turn are found and established, the turn may be maintained for as long as desired provided the effects of the slip stream do not become too violent. The student's first experience with entering his own "prop wash" should be had while with the instructor and its presence and action explained. He can then use it as a gauge on the maintenance of altitude. Practice in the control of the aircraft in the prop wash is a very valuable training for the advanced student. All applicants for certificates of competency of the higher grades are required to execute 70° banks both right and left through 720° of turn, which involves demonstration of control while in the slip stream as well as altitude control and the more elementary factors of steep banks.
Radius of turn is generally considered in relationship to turns alone. However, all maneuvers involving any change of direction, in any plane, have radius of turn; in fact, most have many and constantly varying radii. Once this conception is clearly understood it will greatly aid in the appreciation of the factors to be considered in the performance of these maneuvers.
For example, in the ordinary loop, the speed constantly varies. During the first half it is subject to continuous decrease and in the last half continuous increase. As the speed decreases the elevators are pulled progressively tighter, constantly shortening the radius of the turn. With the start of the last half they are relaxed to facilitate the regain of speed, and as it is regained they are again pulled increasingly tight to shorten the radius of turn and prevent the gain of excess speed. It is highly improbable that a loop of a perfect circle has ever been, or can be executed. It actually consists of a more or less circular flight path of constantly varying radius.
From this example, the same facts can be discerned in any maneuver which involves change of direction in any plane.
Recovery from steep turns is effected in the same manner as from any other turn, although the student will probably have more trouble due to the control pressures required. There will normally be a decided tendency to use insufficient forward pressure on the elevators which will result in nose high recovery during the turn.
As in all turns, entry and recovery should be effected smoothly and the control pressures coordinated so that there is no vertical movement of the nose relative to the horizon.