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84 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

trol the direction of aircraft during the stall, will help make landings just another routine maneuver. They will also prove of value in learning the take-offs.

SPINS

The fear of the commonly termed "Tail Spin" is rather deeply rooted in the public mind and many students will be found to have a subconscious aversion to them.

One of the objectives of the training of a pilot is to eliminate this fear and instill respect in its place. When the student understands the causes of spin and the ease with which this natural phenomena can be induced and recovery made, the mental anxiety, conscious or subconscious, will be removed and with it many causes of the accidental spin. 

It has been estimated that there are actually several hundred factors contributory to spinning. From this it is evident that, whether or not spinning is a desirable maneuver or characteristic, it will be a feature of airplanes for some time to come ad must be reckoned with in the training of the pilot.

The characteristics of modern aircraft, with regard to spins, have been greatly improved with reference to the amount of speed loss and abuse of controls they will stand. However, all aircraft are a compromise of characteristics designed to produce certain performance. Other characteristics must be sacrificed to produce the desired result. It is possible to produce a spin-proof airplane, but such an aircraft requires that many other desirable characteristics be subordinated to this one particular feature. For many purposes these characteristics, which must be subordinated in such instances, are of much greater importance and value than the nonspinning characteristic, particularly since no competent and well-trained pilot will ever approach a spin in any normal flight maneuver.

Since experience has proven that the private or sportsman pilot will never be and the professional pilot cannot be satisfied to confine their flying to certain types of aircraft, thorough training in stalls and spins and the development of the senses which will automatically warn of their approach long in advance if of fundamental importance. 

It is essential that all students be taught to spin and recover before solo. Such knowledge is a great confidence builder. Further, the practice of spins and recovery develops better technique and at the same time eliminated many of the hazards incident to early solo work.

Spin instruction should be divided into two phases. That prior to solo should be confined to teaching the fundamentals of entry and recovery and developing confidence to the extent which will enable the student to automatically react properly should he accidentally fall into a spin in his early solo work, ad give him sufficient experience in sensing their approach to make such an accident a farfetched possibility.

That given after solo, during the practice of precision maneuver, will teach the student orientation under adverse conditions, accuracy of judgment and timing applied to control action and their results, make him complete master of the aircraft under all conditions of