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86 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

The student should be taught to start recovery from the dive as soon as sufficient speed is regained, as too slow a recovery results in unnecessary loss of altitude and in severe loads being imposed on the airplane if too much speed is gained. On the other hand, if recovery is started too soon, many airplanes will either again go into a spin or remain in a stall, with additional loss of altitude. The student should be as alert in sensing the gain of speed as he is its loss and start recovery as soon as flying speed is regained. 

If the instructor will insist on this being done and that the recovery efforts be coordinated with the increasing speed, he will have a valuable demonstration and index of the student's development of "feel" in regard to the loss and gain of speed and the amount of control that may be, or should be, used with relation to the various amounts of speed. It is important that spins be practiced both to the right and to the left and that all control movements be smooth and coordinated. It will be noted that most ships vary considerably in their spin characteristics in right and left spins. This is usually due to the differences in rigging to take care of torque as well as to the effect of the torque itself.

Ailerons should not be used at any time in the entry, during the spin, or during the recovery, due to the characteristics of some aircraft which allow flat of uncontrollable spins to develop if they are used. 

The effect of the use of ailerons either with or against the spin during any one of the three phases has been the subject of much research and apparently follows no set rule for all airplanes. The theories and results in actual practice are too involved for the student at this stage of his experience and have no place in this instruction. It is therefore important that he be required to spin with the use of the elevators and rudder only and any tendency to use ailerons, particularly in a cross-control manner, be promptly and thoroughly eliminated. 

This cross-control tendency will be most noticeable in left-hand spins, since the position and use of the right hand on the stick will again tend to cause the stick to be pulled to the right, particularly when the full stick is being applied.

When the student has had sufficient practice in spins from straight stalls, the instructor should demonstrate how a spin can result from an improperly performed vertical bank, both as a result of the nose being allowed to get too low and from pulling the run too tight.

Spins should also be demonstrated as a result of climbing turns, both as a consequence of too steep a climb and as a result of too shallow a glide, an improper gliding, turn, or a skid in a normal turn. 

These need not be practiced by the student. They are to be demonstrated only for the purpose of showing the student the results of misapplication of the controls and pitfalls to avoid in his solo work.

It should be remembered that any delay in getting the controls into full spin position after the stall occurs may prevent proper entry, since many ships will gain enough speed, even in the slightest delay, to prevent the spin from developing properly. In some cases a blast of the throttle to make the controls fully effective and start the rotation may be necessary, even when the controls are applied properly and at the proper time.